Family Physicians' Perceptions of Electronic Cigarettes in Tobacco Use Counseling

References

1. 1.↵
   U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking—50 years of progress. A report of the surgeon general. Atlanta: GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2014.
2. 2.↵
   Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Current cigarette smoking among adults—United States, 2005–2014. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:1233–40.

   OpenUrlPubMed
3. 3.↵
   1. Fiore M

   . Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update: Clinical practice guideline. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2013. Available from: https://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/clinicians-providers/guidelines-recommendations/tobacco/clinicians/update/index.html. Accessed June 19, 2017.
4. 4.↵
   1. Stead LF,
   2. Buitrago D,
   3. Preciado N,
   4. Sanchez G,
   5. Hartmann-Boyce J,
   6. Lancaster T

   . Physician advice for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;(5):CD000165.
5. 5.↵
   1. Meredith LS,
   2. Yano EM,
   3. Hickey SC,
   4. Sherman SE

   . Primary care provider attitudes are associated with smoking cessation counseling and referral. Med Care 2005;43:929–34.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
6. 6.↵
   US Department of Health and Human Services. Tobacco use objectives. Healthy People 2020. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2011. Available from: https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/tobacco-use. Accessed February 26, 2017.
7. 7.↵
   1. King BA,
   2. Alam S,
   3. Promoff G,
   4. Arrazola R,
   5. Dube SR

   . Awareness and ever-use of electronic cigarettes among U.S. adults, 2010–2011. Nicotine Tob Res 2013;15:1623–7.

   OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
8. 8.↵
   1. King BA,
   2. Dube SR,
   3. Tynan MA

   . Flavored cigar smoking among U.S. adults: findings from the 2009–2010 National Adult Tobacco Survey. Nicotine Tob Res 2013;15:608–14.

   OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
9. 9.↵
   U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Electronic cigarettes. Available from: http://betobaccofree.hhs.gov/about-tobacco/Electronic-Cigarettes/. Accessed September 12, 2016.
10. 10.↵
    1. McMillen RC,
    2. Gottlieb MA,
    3. Shaefer RM,
    4. Winickoff JP,
    5. Klein JD

    . Trends in electronic cigarette use among U.S. adults: use is increasing in both smokers and nonsmokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2015;17:1195–202.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
11. 11.↵
    1. McNeill A

    . Should clinicians recommend e-cigarettes to their patients who smoke? Yes. Ann Fam Med 2016;14:300–1.

    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
12. 12.↵
    1. Fiore MC,
    2. Schroeder SA,
    3. Baker TB

    . Smoke, the chief killer—strategies for targeting combustible tobacco use. N Engl J Med 2014;370:297–9.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
13. 13.↵
    Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians. Nicotine without smoke—tobacco harm reduction. April 28, 2016. London: Royal College of Physicians. Available from: https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/nicotine-without-smoke-tobacco-harm-reduction-0. Accessed September 16, 2016.
14. 14.↵
    1. McNeill A,
    2. Brose LS,
    3. Calder R,
    4. Hitchman SC,
    5. Hajek P,
    6. McRobbie H

    . E-cigarettes: an evidence update. Public Health England. Published August 19, 2015; updated August 28, 2015. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/e-cigarettes-an-evidence-update. Accessed September 26, 2016.
15. 15.↵
    1. Paek HJ,
    2. Kim S,
    3. Hove T,
    4. Huh JY

    . Reduced harm or another gateway to smoking? Source, message, and information characteristics of e-cigarette videos on YouTube. J Health Commun 2014;19:545–60.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
16. 16.↵
    1. Adkison SE,
    2. O'Connor RJ,
    3. Bansal-Travers M,
    4. et al

    . Electronic nicotine delivery systems: international tobacco control four-country survey. Am J Prev Med 2013;44:207–15.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
17. 17.↵
    1. Brown J,
    2. Beard E,
    3. Kotz D,
    4. Michie S,
    5. West R

    . Real-world effectiveness of e-cigarettes when used to aid smoking cessation: a cross-sectional population study. Addiction 2014;109:1531–40.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
18. 18.↵
    1. Popova L,
    2. Ling PM

    . Alternative tobacco product use and smoking cessation: a national study. Am J Public Health 2013;103:923–30.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
19. 19.↵
    1. Bullen C,
    2. Howe C,
    3. Laugesen M,
    4. et al

    . Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2013;382:1629–37.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
20. 20.↵
    1. Meernik C,
    2. Goldstein AO

    . Should clinicians recommend e-cigarettes to their patients who smoke? No. Ann Fam Med 2016;14:302–3.

    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
21. 21.↵
    American Academy of Family Physicians. E-cigarettes—an emerging health hazard. In: Tobacco: preventing and treating nicotine dependence and tobacco use (position paper), 2014. Available from: http://www.aafp.org/about/policies/all/nicotine-tobacco-prevention.html#E-Cigarettes—AnEmergingHealthHazard. Accessed September 12, 2016.
22. 22.↵
    US Preventive Services Task Force. Tobacco smoking cessation in adults, including pregnant women: behavioral and pharmacotherapy interventions. Released September 2015. Available from: https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/tobacco-use-in-adults-and-pregnant-women-counseling-and-interventions1. Accessed September 12, 2016.
23. 23.↵
    1. Kalkhoran S,
    2. Glantz SA

    . E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in real-world and clinical settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2016;4:116–28.

    OpenUrlPubMed
24. 24.↵
    1. Grana R,
    2. Benowitz N,
    3. Glantz SA

    . E-cigarettes: a scientific review. Circulation 2014;129:1972–86.

    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
25. 25.↵
    1. Tashakkori A,
    2. Teddlie C

    1. Creswell JW

    . Mapping the developing landscape of mixed methods research. In: Tashakkori A, Teddlie C, eds. Sage handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2010: 45–68.
26. 26.↵
    Are e-cigarettes a healthy way to quit smoking? Supporters say they appear to be effective. Critics say there are better and safer ways to quit smoking. Wall Street Journal, April 11, 2016. Available from: http://www.wsj.com/articles/are-e-cigarettes-a-healthy-way-to-quit-smoking-1460340169. Accessed August 2, 2016.
27. 27.↵
    1. Crabtree BF,
    2. Miller WL

    1. Borkan J

    . “Immersion/crystallization.” In: Crabtree BF, Miller WL, eds. Doing qualitative research, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 1999: 179–94.
28. 28.↵
    1. Crabtree BF,
    2. Miller WL

    1. Miller WL,
    2. Crabtree BF

    . Primary care research: a multimethod typology and qualitative roadmap. In: Crabtree BF, Miller WL, eds. Doing qualitative research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publication; 1992: 3–28.
29. 29.↵
    1. Denzin NK,
    2. Lincoln YS

    1. Miller WL,
    2. Crabtree BF

    . Clinical research. In: Denzin NK, Lincoln YS, eds. Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 1994: 340–52.
30. 30.↵
    1. Miller WL,
    2. Crabtree BF

    . Qualitative analysis: how to begin making sense. Fam Pract Res J 1994;14:289–97.

    OpenUrlPubMed
31. 31.↵
    American Medical Association. AMA strengthens policy on electronic cigarettes to further protect youth. Position paper, June 9, 2015. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/news/news/2015/2015–06-09-ama-policy-protect-youth.page. Accessed September 12, 2016.
32. 32.↵
    1. Crowley RA

    . Electronic nicotine delivery systems: executive summary of a policy position paper from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 2015;162:583–4.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
33. 33.↵
    American Public Health Association. Supporting regulation of electronic cigarettes. Policy no. 20149. November 18, 2016. Available from: https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2015/01/05/12/58/supporting-regulation-of-electronic-cigarettes. Accessed September 16, 2016.
34. 34.↵
    World Health Organization. Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) or electronic nicotine delivery systems. Revised March 30, 2015. Available from: http://www.who.int/tobacco/communications/statements/eletronic_cigarettes/en/. Accessed September 16, 2016.
35. 35.↵
    1. Kandra KL,
    2. Ranney LM,
    3. Lee JG,
    4. Goldstein AO

    . Physicians' attitudes and use of e-cigarettes as cessation devices, North Carolina, 2013. PLoS One 2014;9:e103462.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
36. 36.↵
    1. Egnot E,
    2. Jordan K,
    3. Elliott JO

    . Associations with resident physicians' early adoption of electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. Postgrad Med J 2017;93:319–25.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
37. 37.↵
    1. Pepper JK,
    2. McRee AL,
    3. Gilkey MB

    . Healthcare providers' beliefs and attitudes about electronic cigarettes and preventive counseling for adolescent patients. J Adolesc Health 2014;54:678–83.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
38. 38.↵
    1. Heartmann-Boyce J,
    2. McRobbie H,
    3. Bullen C,
    4. Begh R,
    5. Stead LF,
    6. Hajek P

    . Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;(14):CD010216.
39. 39.↵
    1. Fiore MC,
    2. Baker TB

    . Treating smokers in the health care setting. N Engl J Med 2011;365:1222–31.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science