Fertility Treatment, Use of in Vitro Fertilization, and Time to Live Birth Based on Initial Provider Type

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Figure 1.
Provider types and outcomes.
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Figure 2.
Time to pregnancy leading to live birth. CI, confidence interval.

Table 1.

Participant Characteristics

	Population Cohort (n = 434)		Clinic Cohort (n = 433)		Combined Cohorts (n = 867)
	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
Household income
<$12,000	8	2	4	1	12	1
-$12,001-$25,000	20	5	14	3	34	4
-$25,001-$50,000	129	30	87	20	216	25
-$50,001-$75,000	159	37	124	29	283	33
-$75,001-$100,000	67	15	108	25	175	20
>$100,000	35	8	76	18	111	13
No answer	16	4	20	5	36	4
Insurance coverage for infertility testing and/or treatment
None, unsure, or no answer	310	71	358	83	668	77
Some coverage other than IVF	111	26	62	14	173	20
IVF coverage	13	3	13	3	26	3
Religious preference
None	38	9	37	9	75	9
Latter-Day Saint	343	79	319	74	662	76
Catholic	6	1	17	4	23	3
Other Christian	21	5	40	9	61	7
Other non-Christian	13	3	10	2	23	3
No answer	13	3	10	2	23	3
Religious attendance
Never	58	13	46	11	104	12
Monthly or less	56	13	63	15	119	14
Weekly or more	310	71	315	73	625	72
No answer	10	2	9	2	19	2
Body mass index (kg/m²)
<25	194	45	206	48	400	46
25–30	107	25	97	22	204	24
>30	97	22	94	22	191	22
No answer	36	8	36	8	72	8
Age (years) at beginning of first attempt to conceive
<25	274	63	201	46	475	55
25–30	141	32	161	37	302	35
>30	19	4	67	15	86	10
No answer	0	0	4	1	4	0
Age (years) at first infertility visit
<25	151	35	145	33	296	34
25–30	173	40	168	39	341	39
>30	35	8	112	26	147	17
Not applicable or no answer	75	17	8	2	83	10
Cumulative months attempting to conceive before first infertility visit
≤11	125	29	156	36	281	32
12–23	156	36	190	44	346	40
24–35	47	11	41	9	88	10
>36	31	7	42	10	73	8
Not applicable or no answer	75	17	4	1	79	9

Table 2.

Association between Select Characteristics and Likelihood of Seeing a Fertility Subspecialist First

	General Provider First		Fertility Specialist First		Relative Risk of Seeing a Fertility Specialist First (95% CI)
	No.	%	No.	%
Overall	732	92	67	8	—
Recruitment method
General population	346	94	22	6	ref.
Fertility clinic	386	90	45	10	1.74 (1.07–2.85)
Household income
≤$50,000	218	94	14	6	ref.
-$50,001-$75,000	241	92	21	8	1.32 (0.69–2.55)
>$75,000	243	90	28	10	1.71 (0.92–3.17)
Insurance coverage for infertility testing and/or treatment
None or unsure	546	91	54	9	ref.
Some coverage other than IVF	161	93	12	7	0.77 (0.42–1.41)
IVF coverage	25	96	1	4	0.43 (0.06–2.97)
Religious preference
None	56	88	8	13	ref.
Latter-day Saint	570	92	47	8	0.61 (0.30–1.23)
Other than Latter-day Saint	86	89	11	11	0.91 (0.39–2.13)
Religious attendance
Never	83	90	9	10	ref.
Monthly or less	95	92	8	8	0.79 (0.32–1.97)
Weekly or more	537	92	49	8	0.85 (0.43–1.68)
Body mass index (kg/m²)
<25	337	91	32	9	ref.
25–30	176	93	13	7	0.79 (0.43–1.47)
>30	159	91	16	9	1.05 (0.59–1.87)
Age (years) at beginning of first attempt to conceive
<25	406	93	29	7	ref.
25–30	251	91	26	9	1.41 (0.85–2.34)
>30	71	86	12	14	2.17 (1.15–4.07)
Age (years) at first infertility visit
<25	279	94	17	6	ref.
25–30	316	93	25	7	1.27 (0.70–2.32)
>30	123	84	24	16	2.84 (1.58–5.12)
Cumulative months attempting to conceive before first infertility visit
≤11	266	95	15	5	ref.
12–23	311	90	35	10	1.89 (1.06–3.39)
≥24	145	90	16	10	1.86 (0.95–3.66)