Article Figures & Data
Tables
Overall (N = 1018) Clients with Income Not Below the FPL (n = 268) Clients with Income Below the FPL (n = 750) P Value Age (years) 45.8 ± 12.9 46.6 ± 13.7 45.4 ± 12.5 .36 Female sex 595 (57.0) 150 (54.7) 445 (57.9) .48 Race/ethnicity .93 Hispanic 409 (41.0) 107 (40.8) 302 (41.1) African American 488 (46.0) 127 (45.2) 361 (46.2) Non-Hispanic white 86 (9.2) 25 (10.3) 61 (8.9) Other 35 (3.8) 8 (3.6) 27 (3.9) Married or living with a partner 231 (22.6) 82 (30.3) 149 (19.8) <.01 Less than high school education 446 (43.6) 94 (35.2) 352 (46.6) <.01 Working for pay 205 (20.0) 91 (33.5) 114 (15.1) <.01 12-Month depressive disorder 629 (61.9) 159 (59.1) 470 (62.9) .33 PHQ-8 score 15.0 ± 4.1 14.7 ± 4.2 15.1 ± 4.1 .31 Poor mental health–related quality of life 546 (53.2) 146 (55.2) 400 (52.5) .49 Mental wellness 407 (39.7) 107 (39.3) 300 (39.8) .87 Good physical health 759 (74.3) 210 (77.7) 548 (73.0) .12 ≥3 Chronic health conditions 548 (54.7) 151 (57.9) 397 (53.6) .31 No health insurance 545 (54.1) 121 (45.2) 424 (57.3) <.01 Life difficulties total score of 1 4.1 ± 2.8 4.2 ± 2.8 4.0 ± 2.7 .56 Hazardous drinker or alcohol use disorder 248 (24.5) 66 (24.2) 182 (24.6) .91 Misused any drugs in past 6 months 357 (35.3) 86 (32.6) 271 (36.2) .41 Involved in the justice system 201 (19.6) 43 (16.2) 158 (20.9) .10 Homeless or ≥2 risk for homelessness 538 (54.1) 136 (50.7) 403 (55.3) .25 Data are mean ± SD or n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
FPL, federal poverty level; PHQ-8, 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire; SD, standard deviation.
- Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics of Depressed Clients Whose Family Income Is Below the Federal Poverty Level (n = 750), by Vulnerable Subgroups
Subgroup 1: Involved in Justice System (1) (n = 158) Subgroup 2: Homeless Involved in Justice System (n = 298) Subgroup 3: Other Poor (n = 294) P Value (Pairwise Comparison) Group Test 1 vs 2 1 vs 3 2 vs 3 χ2 df P Value Age (years) 43.0 ± 10.6 45.5 ± 11.7 46.7 ± 14.1 .074 .014 .355 6.4 2 .041 Female sex 65 (39.6) 174 (56.8) 206 (69.1) <.001 <.001 .009 23.0 2 <.001 Race/ethnicity .301 <.001 .048 17.6 6 .007 Hispanic 44 (28.3) 111 (38.0) 147 (51.4) African American 88 (53.4) 148 (47.9) 125 (40.5) Non-Hispanic white 17 (12.0) 29 (10.4) 15 (5.4) Other 9 (6.3) 10 (3.7) 8 (2.7) Married or living with a partner 25 (16.0) 51 (16.7) 74 (25.4) .845 .039 .010 8.3 2 .016 Less than high school education 65 (40.8) 129 (42.2) 157 (54.5) .795 .007 .003 13.0 2 .002 Working for pay 12 (7.4) 60 (19.6) 42 (14.6) .001 .035 .164 10.9 2 .004 12-Month depressive disorder 106 (67.5) 201 (68.0) 163 (54.9) .911 .008 .004 9.9 2 .007 PHQ-8 score 15.2 ± 4.3 15.4 ± 4.0 14.6 ± 3.9 .715 .195 .056 3.9 2 .144 Poor mental health–related quality of life 77 (48.8) 167 (54.6) 156 (52.3) .311 .507 .610 1.0 2 .599 Mental wellness 68 (43.5) 108 (35.7) 124 (42.3) .164 .816 .181 2.3 2 .311 Good physical health 118 (74.5) 218 (73.3) 212 (71.9) .854 .682 .742 0.2 2 .898 ≥3 Chronic health conditions 82 (53.1) 166 (56.0) 149 (51.3) .609 .769 .341 0.9 2 .630 No health insurance 116 (73.5) 186 (63.1) 123 (42.1) .091 <.001 <.001 24.7 2 <.001 Life difficulties total score of 15 5.9 ± 3.1 5.0 ± 2.2 2.0 ± 1.6 .006 <.001 <.001 582.3 2 <.001 Hazardous drinker or alcohol use disorder 49 (31.9) 82 (27.7) 51 (17.2) .392 .003 .004 11.1 2 .004 Misused any drugs in past 6 months 97 (61.5) 111 (37.3) 63 (21.2) <.001 <.001 <.001 42.1 2 <.001 Data are mean ± SD or n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
PHQ-8, 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire.
- Table 3.
Health and Social Outcomes by Poverty Status and Intervention Assignment (Model 1)
Income Not Below the Federal Poverty Line (n = 268) Income Below the Federal Poverty Line (n = 750) RS CEP CEP vs. RS, Test (95% CI) ES RS CEP CEP vs. RS, OR (95% CI) ES Poor MHQOL (%) OR OR 6-Month follow-up 51.4 (4.4) 37.0 (4.7) 0.5 (0.3–1.1) 0.29 51.6 (3.0) 46.5 (2.5) 0.8 (0.6–1.1) 0.10 12-Month follow-up 45.3 (4.9) 42.4 (5.8) 0.9 (0.5–1.6) 0.06 52.2 (3.0) 45.7 (3.2) 0.8 (0.6–1.1) 0.13 PHQ-8 standard score (mean) Difference Difference 6-Month follow-up 12.1 (0.8) 11.8 (0.7) −0.2 (−2.6-2.2) 0.04 13.1 (0.5) 12.7 (0.5) −0.4 (−2.3-1.4) 0.06 12-Month follow-up 10.9 (0.9) 10.9 (0.8) 0.0 (−2.2-2.3) 0.00 12.4 (0.4) 12.1 (0.4) −0.3 (−1.5-0.9) 0.04 Mental wellness (%) OR OR 6-Month follow-up 40.1 (4.9) 49.0 (6.5) 1.5 (0.6–3.4) 0.18 31.6 (3.0) 44.6 (2.6) 1.8 (1.2–2.7)* 0.27 12-Month follow-up 54.7 (5.7) 51.0 (4.3) 0.9 (0.5–1.6) 0.07 44.8 (3.6) 48.2 (3.4) 1.2 (0.7–1.8) 0.07 Good physical health (%) 6-Month follow-up 78.1 (4.3) 80.2 (3.9) 1.2 (0.5–2.5) 0.05 73.5 (2.8) 76.4 (2.2) 1.2 (0.8–1.7) 0.07 12-Month follow-up 78.0 (4.2) 77.4 (3.8) 1.0 (0.5–1.9) 0.01 69.6 (3.5) 78.4 (2.8) 1.6 (1.1–2.4)† 0.20 Homeless/risk (%) 6-Month follow-up 38.1 (6.6) 27.9 (4.8) 0.6 (0.3–1.2) 0.22 40.3 (3.4) 30.3 (3.1) 0.6 (0.4–1.0) 0.21 12-Month follow-up 25.7 (4.1) 31.0 (5.3) 1.3 (0.7–2.5) 0.12 33.8 (3.6) 35.7 (3.5) 1.1 (0.8–1.6) 0.04 Worried about cost (%) 6-Month follow-up 29.5 (4.5) 32.2 (5.8) 1.1 (0.5–2.7) 0.06 33.0 (2.7) 29.6 (2.6) 0.9 (0.6–1.2) 0.07 12-Month follow-up 28.7 (4.8) 30.1 (4.6) 1.1 (0.6–2.0) 0.03 32.6 (2.6) 24.0 (3.2) 0.6 (0.4–1.0)† 0.19 Life difficulties total score out of 15 (mean) Difference Difference 6-Month follow-up 3.0 (0.3) 2.7 (0.3) −0.3 (−1.0 to 0.5) 0.12 3.0 (0.2) 2.7 (0.1) −0.3 (−0.7 to 0.2) 0.12 12-Month follow-up 2.6 (0.2) 2.4 (0.2) −0.2 (−0.9 to 0.4) 0.09 2.8 (0.2) 2.6 (0.2) −0.2 (−0.5 to 0.2) 0.09 Data are estimate (standard error) unless otherwise indicated.
Intervention–by–poverty status interaction models used multiple imputed data weighted for the sample eligible for enrollment and accounted for the design effect of the cluster randomization. A linear regression model was used for a continuous variable (presented as between-group difference) or a logistic regression model for a binary variable (presented as odds ratio [OR]), adjusted for the baseline status of the dependent variable, age, education, race/ethnicity, 12-month depressive disorder, and community; it accounted for the design effect of the cluster randomization. No significant interactions of intervention and poverty status were found for any of the outcome variables.
↵* P < .01.
↵† P < .05.
CEP, Community Engagement and Planning; CI, confidence interval; ES, standardized effect size; MHQOL, mental health quality of life; RS, Resources for Services.
Not Below the Federal Poverty Line (n = 268) Below the Federal Poverty Line (n = 750) RS CEP CEP vs. RS, Test (95% CI) ES RS CEP CEP vs. RS, Test (95% CI) ES Spent nights in a behavioral health hospital (%) OR OR 6-Month follow-up 10.9 (4.0) 5.4 (2.6) 0.5 (0.2–1.3) 0.20 10.4 (2.2) 5.9 (1.6) 0.5 (0.3–1.1) 0.17 12-Month follow-up 5.0 (1.9) 3.9 (1.5) 0.8 (0.2–2.4) 0.05 5.1 (1.2) 4.5 (1.0) 0.9 (0.4–1.7) 0.03 Any MHS outpatient visits (%) 6-Month follow-up 50.3 (6.7) 51.0 (5.4) 1.0 (0.5–2.0) 0.01 55.4 (3.4) 54.4 (3.6) 0.9 (0.6–1.6) 0.02 12-Month follow-up 44.4 (6.1) 40.3 (6.0) 0.8 (0.3–2.1) 0.08 44.5 (3.8) 43.4 (3.8) 0.9 (0.6–1.5) 0.02 MHS outpatient visits (mean) IRR IRR 6-Month follow-up 7.5 (2.6) 8.0 (1.7) 1.1 (0.5–2.5) 0.03 11.7 (2.4) 8.0 (1.3) 0.7 (0.4–1.3) 0.15 12-Month follow-up 5.5 (1.9) 4.7 (1.2) 0.9 (0.4–1.9) 0.06 6.0 (1.0) 4.8 (0.5) 0.8 (0.5–1.2) 0.09 MHS outpatient visits in which advice for medication was received (mean) 6-Month follow-up 7.0 (3.3) 5.3 (0.8) 0.8 (0.3–2.2) 0.11 12.2 (2.8) 5.2 (0.5) 0.4 (0.2–0.7)* 0.30 12-Month follow-up 6.4 (2.5) 8.2 (2.0) 1.3 (0.5–3.4) 0.12 6.0 (1.0) 6.1 (0.8) 1.0 (0.6–1.6) 0.01 MHS outpatient visits during which counseling was received (mean) 6-Month follow-up 10.5 (3.6) 10.7 (1.9) 1.0 (0.5–2.3) 0.01 17.3 (3.3) 10.7 (1.4) 0.6 (0.3–1.2) 0.24 12-Month follow-up 9.3 (2.6) 10.3 (2.4) 1.1 (0.5–2.3) 0.06 8.9 (1.3) 7.7 (0.8) 0.9 (0.6–1.3) 0.10 Any outpatient substance abuse service or self-help group (%) OR OR 6-Month follow-up 22.3 (3.9) 28.3 (5.5) 1.5 (0.6–3.6) 0.14 28.0 (4.3) 30.6 (3.7) 1.2 (0.7–2.1) 0.06 12-Month follow-up 13.7 (3.2) 18.4 (3.6) 1.5 (0.7–3.3) 0.13 18.6 (3.0) 20.5 (3.3) 1.1 (0.6–2.3) 0.05 Stayed in residential treatment for substance abuse problem (%) 6-Month follow-up 12.8 (4.1) 12.4 (4.1) 1.0 (0.4–2.6) 0.01 12.8 (3.5) 15.1 (3.7) 1.3 (0.6–2.6) 0.07 12-Month follow-up 5.2 (2.4) 3.8 (2.8) 0.6 (0.0–11.6) 0.07 7.4 (1.9) 5.9 (2.0) 0.8 (0.3–1.9) 0.06 Visited primary care (%) 6-Month follow-up 73.0 (3.9) 67.5 (5.6) 0.8 (0.4–1.5) 0.12 66.7 (3.5) 67.8 (3.6) 1.1 (0.7–1.6) 0.02 12-Month follow-up 71.1 (4.9) 68.6 (4.7) 0.9 (0.4–1.8) 0.05 61.1 (2.7) 71.7 (2.7) 1.7 (1.2–2.4)* 0.23 Visits in community (informal) sector for depression (mean) 6-Month follow-up 3.7 (1.7) 3.0 (1.5) 0.8 (0.2–3.0) 0.04 2.2 (0.5) 4.4 (1.0) 2.0 (1.1–3.9)† 0.15 12-Month follow-up 2.5 (1.0) 2.5 (1.5) 0.9 (0.3–3.6) 0.00 1.7 (0.4) 3.9 (1.2) 2.3 (1.1–5.1)† 0.14 Outpatient contacts for depression all sectors (mean) 6-Month follow-up 16.4 (3.8) 19.8 (4.8) 1.2 (0.6–2.3) 0.09 25.0 (4.8) 22.6 (3.1) 0.9 (0.5–1.6) 0.05 12-Month follow-up 14.7 (4.9) 14.6 (3.9) 1.0 (0.4–2.2) 0.00 19.8 (2.8) 18.0 (2.6) 0.9 (0.6–1.3) 0.04 Data are estimate (standard error) unless otherwise indicated.
Intervention–by–poverty status interaction models used multiple imputed data weighted for the sample eligible for enrollment and accounted for the design effect of the cluster randomization. A logistic regression model was used for a binary variable (presented as odds ratio [OR]) or a Poisson regression model for a count variables (presented as incidence rate ratios [IRR]); adjusted for the baseline status of the dependent variable, age, education, race/ethnicity, 12-month depressive disorder, and community; and accounted for the design effect of the cluster randomization. No significant interactions of intervention by poverty status were found for any outcome variables.
↵* P < .01.
↵† P < .05.
CEP, Community Engagement and Planning; CI, confidence interval; ES, standardized effect size; MHS, mental health service; RS, Resources for Services.
- Table 5.
Health and Social Outcomes by Intervention Assignment Among Mutually Exclusive Client Subgroups Below the Federal Poverty Line (Model 2)
Involved in the Justice System (n = 158) Homeless, Not Involved in the Justice System (n = 298) Other Poor (n = 294) RS CEP CEP vs. RS, Test (95% CI) ES RS CEP CEP vs. RS, Test (95% CI) ES RS CEP CEP vs. RS, Test (95% CI) ES Poor MHQOL (%) OR OR OR 6-Month follow-up 50.1 (5.3) 38.0 (5.7) 0.6 (0.3–1.2) 0.24 55.6 (5.8) 49.4 (4.8) 0.8 (0.4–1.5) 0.12 47.9 (4.4) 47.6 (3.7) 1.0 (0.6–1.5) 0.00 12-Month follow-up 50.6 (8.0) 40.9 (7.9) 0.7 (0.3–1.8) 0.19 55.3 (4.4) 48.1 (4.6) 0.7 (0.5–1.2) 0.14 50.2 (4.8) 45.8 (5.4) 0.8 (0.5–1.4) 0.09 PHQ-9 standard score (mean) Difference Difference Difference 6-Month follow-up 13.0 (1.0) 13.0 (0.9) 0.0 (−2.9 to 2.9) 0.00 13.7 (0.6) 12.8 (0.7) −0.9 (−2.7 to 1.0) 0.13 12.5 (0.8) 12.5 (0.7) 0.0 (−2.5 to 2.4) 0.00 12-Month follow-up 11.8 (0.9) 11.5 (1.2) −0.3 (−2.6 to 2.1) 0.04 12.7 (0.6) 12.1 (0.6) −0.6 (−2.2 to 1.0) 0.09 12.5 (0.8) 12.6 (0.6) 0.0 (−1.9 to 1.9) 0.00 Mental wellness (%) OR OR OR 6-Month follow-up 31.0 (6.4) 50.8 (6.7) 2.5 (0.9–6.9) 0.41 33.4 (4.7) 40.3 (4.2) 1.4 (0.7–2.7) 0.14 29.6 (4.1) 45.7 (4.3) 2.1 (1.2–3.7)* 0.33 12-Month follow-up 51.8 (8.3) 58.4 (6.8) 1.3 (0.4–4.1) 0.13 40.1 (5.0) 48.9 (6.1) 1.5 (0.7–3.0) 0.18 46.1 (5.5) 43.0 (4.5) 0.9 (0.5–1.6) 0.06 Good physical health (%) 6-Month follow-up 74.2 (5.5) 79.8 (5.5) 1.4 (0.6–3.5) 0.13 73.5 (3.1) 74.0 (4.8) 1.0 (0.6–1.8) 0.01 72.9 (4.4) 76.8 (3.9) 1.2 (0.6–2.4) 0.09 12-Month follow-up 73.9 (5.4) 81.8 (7.1) 1.6 (0.5–4.9) 0.19 66.5 (4.0) 78.3 (4.0) 1.9 (1–3.4)* 0.27 70.9 (5.3) 77.0 (3.6) 1.4 (0.8–2.5) 0.14 Homeless/risk (%) 6-Month follow-up 41.9 (7.3) 20.6 (6.4) 0.4 (0.1–0.9)† 0.46 55.1 (4.5) 46.1 (5.9) 0.7 (0.4–1.3) 0.18 24.5 (4.6) 17.9 (3.3) 0.7 (0.4–1.3) 0.16 12-Month follow-up 32.2 (8.6) 36.7 (6.6) 1.2 (0.5–2.8) 0.10 45.2 (4.7) 48.0 (4.9) 1.1 (0.7–1.9) 0.06 23.1 (5.1) 21.7 (4.6) 0.9 (0.4–2.1) 0.03 Worried about cost (%) 6-Month follow-up 34.9 (6.5) 32.9 (5.4) 0.9 (0.4–1.9) 0.04 35.7 (4.4) 30.7 (4.2) 0.8 (0.5–1.4) 0.11 29.0 (4.6) 27.5 (4.1) 0.9 (0.6–1.6) 0.03 12-Month follow-up 30.8 (5.6) 26.4 (7.7) 0.8 (0.3–2.0) 0.10 37.3 (4.3) 23.3 (4.9) 0.5 (0.2–1.0) 0.31 28.3 (4.8) 23.7 (3.7) 0.8 (0.4–1.4) 0.11 Life difficulties total score out of 15 (mean) Difference Difference Difference 6-Month follow-up 2.9 (0.4) 1.9 (0.3) −1.1 (−1.9 to −0.2)† 0.44 3.3 (0.3) 3.3 (0.3) 0.0 (−0.8 to 0.7) 0.01 2.6 (0.3) 2.6 (0.2) −0.1 (−0.7 to 0.5) 0.03 12-Month follow-up 2.5 (0.4) 2.6 (0.3) 0.1 (−1.3 to 1.5) 0.04 3.0 (0.2) 2.7 (0.3) −0.2 (−0.9 to 0.4) 0.10 2.7 (0.3) 2.5 (0.3) −0.2 (−1.0 to 0.6) 0.12 Data are estimate (standard error) unless otherwise indicated.
Intervention–by–vulnerable subgroups interaction models used multiple imputed data weighted for eligible sample for enrollment and accounted for the design effect of the cluster randomization. A linear regression model was used for a continuous variable (presented as between-group difference) or a logistic regression model for a binary variable (presented as odds ratio [OR]); adjusted for baseline status of the dependent variable, age, education, race/ethnicity, 12-month depressive disorder, and community; and accounted for the design effect of the cluster randomization. No significant interactions of intervention by poverty status were found for any outcome variables.
↵* *P < .01.
↵† P < .05.
CEP, Community Engagement and Planning; CI, confidence interval; ES, standardized effect size; MHQOL, mental health quality of life; RS, Resources for Services.
- Table 6.
Service Utilization by Intervention Assignment among Mutually Exclusive Client Subgroups Below the Federal Poverty Line (Model 2)
Involved in the Justice System (n = 158) Homeless, Not Involved in the Justice System (n = 298) Other Poor (n = 294) RS CEP CEP vs. RS, Test (95% CI) ES RS CEP CEP vs. RS, Test (95% CI) ES RS CEP CEP vs. RS, Test (95% CI) ES Nights spent in a behavioral health hospital (%) OR OR OR 6-Month follow-up 13.5 (4.2) 7.5 (4.4) 0.5 (0.1–2.3) 0.20 11.6 (4.1) 6.3 (2.8) 0.5 (0.1–2.1) 0.19 6.8 (2.7) 4.9 (2.0) 0.7 (0.2–2.2) 0.08 12-Month follow-up 4.0 (2.2) 4.4 (2.2) 1.1 (0.3–4.3) 0.02 8.0 (2.0) 5.1 (2.1) 0.6 (0.2–1.8) 0.12 1.8 (1.6) 3.8 (1.8) 2.4 (0.3–18.2) 0.13 Any MHS outpatient visits (%) 6-Month follow-up 52.1 (7.2) 61.0 (7.2) 1.6 (0.6–4.3) 0.18 54.6 (5.1) 52.8 (5.3) 0.9 (0.5–1.8) 0.04 61.4 (5.3) 55.4 (4.2) 0.7 (0.4–1.4) 0.12 12-Month follow-up 38.1 (7.5) 42.4 (7.6) 1.2 (0.5–2.9) 0.09 45.6 (5.0) 41.3 (4.6) 0.8 (0.4–1.6) 0.09 50.5 (5.3) 48.1 (4.7) 0.9 (0.5–1.7) 0.05 # MHS outpatient visits (mean) IRR IRR IRR 6-Month follow-up 13.3 (4.4) 10.4 (2.7) 0.8 (0.3–1.9) 0.10 11.3 (3.7) 8.2 (1.8) 0.7 (0.3–1.9) 0.13 11.7 (3.4) 6.9 (1.4) 0.6 (0.3–1.3) 0.24 12-Month follow-up 3.6 (1.0) 4.4 (1.1) 1.2 (0.7–2.2) 0.08 7.6 (1.8) 4.6 (0.8) 0.6 (0.3–1.1) 0.19 5.7 (1.7) 5.5 (1.0) 1.0 (0.5–1.9) 0.02 MHS outpatient visits received advice for medication if visited (mean) 6-Month follow-up 14.3 (5.9) 5.7 (1.1) 0.4 (0.2–0.9)* 0.31 10.9 (4.4) 4.9 (0.7) 0.5 (0.2–1.1) 0.26 12.4 (4.3) 5.3 (1.1) 0.4 (0.2–1.1) 0.35 12-Month follow-up 6.6 (1.9) 6.1 (1.4) 0.9 (0.5–2.0) 0.05 6.1 (1.3) 6.2 (1.3) 1 (0.6–1.8) 0.01 5.4 (1.8) 6.1 (1.3) 1.1 (0.5–2.7) 0.07 MHS outpatient visits received counseling if visited (mean) 6-Month follow-up 24.9 (7.2) 9.0 (2.4) 0.4 (0.2–0.7)† 0.48 14.8 (4.5) 12.7 (2.3) 0.9 (0.3–2.4) 0.07 15.8 (5.1) 10.1 (2.5) 0.6 (0.2–1.7) 0.26 12-Month follow-up 8.0 (2.4) 9.0 (1.7) 1.1 (0.5–2.8) 0.08 9.4 (1.9) 7.8 (1.4) 0.8 (0.5–1.4) 0.13 8.9 (2.3) 7.3 (1.6) 0.8 (0.4–1.5) 0.15 Any outpatient substance abuse service or self-help group (%) OR OR OR 6-Month follow-up 39.1 (6.9) 38.8 (5.8) 1 (0.4–2.3) 0.01 24.3 (5.0) 30.9 (4.7) 1.5 (0.7–3.3) 0.15 23.9 (5.9) 26.6 (6.1) 1.2 (0.4–3.6) 0.06 12-Month follow-up 23.0 (4.7) 22.8 (6.2) 1 (0.4–2.6) 0.01 17.7 (3.9) 20.5 (4.2) 1.2 (0.5–3.1) 0.07 16.0 (4.5) 19.8 (4.5) 1.3 (0.4–4.3) 0.10 Stayed in residential treatment for substance abuse problem (%) 6-Month follow-up 18.4 (4.7) 19.6 (5.4) 1.1 (0.4–2.7) 0.03 10.5 (4.2) 15.7 (4.1) 1.8 (0.6–5.5) 0.16 9.8 (5.2) 12.1 (5.3) 1.3 (0.3–6.2) 0.07 12-Month follow-up 7.3 (3.9) 6.8 (3.4) 1.0 (0.2–4.4) 0.02 10.2 (2.7) 8.3 (3.1) 0.8 (0.3–2.1) 0.07 3.7 (2.3) 3.3 (2.0) 0.9 (0.1–5.9) 0.02 Visited primary care (%) 6-Month follow-up 58.3 (6.5) 60.9 (9.4) 1.1 (0.4–3.4) 0.05 64.2 (4.3) 72.0 (4.4) 1.5 (0.8–2.9) 0.17 73.3 (3.8) 65.5 (4.3) 0.7 (0.4–1.2) 0.17 12-Month follow-up 53.7 (5.7) 63.7 (7.4) 1.6 (0.7–3.4) 0.20 61.2 (5.4) 70.8 (4.5) 1.6 (0.8–3.1) 0.20 62.8 (4.8) 74.5 (4.3) 1.8 (1.0–3.3) 0.25 Visits in community (informal) sector for depression (mean) 6-Month follow-up 2.8 (1.6) 4.7 (1.7) 1.7 (0.5–5.8) 0.14 1.9 (0.8) 4.5 (1.8) 2.3 (0.8–7.1) 0.11 1.8 (1.2) 4.3 (1.8) 2.5 (0.5–12.2) 0.18 12-Month follow-up 1.3 (0.8) 4.8 (3.1) 3.6 (0.8–15.7) 0.18 2.4 (0.8) 4.2 (1.8) 1.8 (0.6–5) 0.11 1.0 (0.4) 3.2 (1.6) 3.3 (1.0–11.0)* 0.21 Outpatient contacts for depression, all sectors (mean) 6-Month follow-up 28.3 (8.0) 33.1 (8.3) 1.2 (0.7–2.1) 0.07 25.2 (7.5) 21.3 (5.5) 0.8 (0.3–2.7) 0.08 22.3 (6.2) 19.1 (4.8) 0.9 (0.4–1.9) 0.08 12-Month follow-up 11.4 (3.5) 21.8 (5.9) 1.9 (1.0–3.8) 0.27 24.5 (4.5) 17.5 (3.9) 0.7 (0.4–1.2) 0.13 20.5 (5.0) 17.5 (3.7) 0.9 (0.5–1.6) 0.09 Data are estimate (standard error) unless otherwise indicated.
Intervention–by–vulnerable subgroups interaction models used multiple imputed data weighted for eligible sample for enrollment and accounted for the design effect of the cluster randomization. A logistic regression model was used for a binary variable (presented as odds ratio [OR]) or a Poisson regression model for a count variables (presented as incidence rate ratios [IRR]); adjusted for baseline status of the dependent variable, age, education, race/ethnicity, 12-month depressive disorder, and community; and accounted for the design effect of the cluster randomization. No significant interactions of intervention by poverty status were found for any outcome variables.
↵* P < .05.
↵† P < .01.
CEP, Community Engagement and Planning; CI, confidence interval; ES, standardized effect size; MHS, mental health service; RS, Resources for Services.
- Appendix Table 1.
Health and Social Outcomes by Poverty Status and Intervention Assignment (Model 1) with P Values and the P Values Adjusted for False Discovery Rates
Not Below the Federal Poverty Line (n = 268) Below the Federal Poverty Line (n = 750) RS CEP CEP vs. RS, Test (95% CI) P PFDR ES RS CEP CEP vs. RS, Test (95% CI) P PFDR ES Poor MHQOL (%) OR OR 6-Month follow-up 51.4 (4.4) 37.0 (4.7) 0.5 (0.3–1.1) .084 .554 0.29 51.6 (3.0) 46.5 (2.5) 0.8 (0.6–1.1) .175 .394 0.10 12-Month follow-up 45.3 (4.9) 42.4 (5.8) 0.9 (0.5–1.6) .689 .969 0.06 52.2 (3.0) 45.7 (3.2) 0.8 (0.6–1.1) .107 .250 0.13 PHQ-8 standard score (mean) Difference Difference 6-Month follow-up 12.1 (0.8) 11.8 (0.7) −0.2 (−2.6, 2.2) .840 .840 0.04 13.1 (0.5) 12.7 (0.5) −0.4 (−2.3, 1.4) .596 .596 0.06 12-Month follow-up 10.9 (0.9) 10.9 (0.8) 0.0 (−2.2, 2.3) .969 .969 0.00 12.4 (0.4) 12.1 (0.4) −0.3 (−1.5, 0.9) .605 .623 0.04 Mental wellness (%) OR OR 6-Month follow-up 40.1 (4.9) 49.0 (6.5) 1.5 (0.6–3.4) .328 .766 0.18 31.6 (3.0) 44.6 (2.6) 1.8 (1.2–2.7) .004 .027 0.27 12-Month follow-up 54.7 (5.7) 51.0 (4.3) 0.9 (0.5–1.6) .619 .969 0.07 44.8 (3.6) 48.2 (3.4) 1.2 (0.7–1.8) .509 .623 0.07 Good physical health (%) 6-Month follow-up 78.1 (4.3) 80.2 (3.9) 1.2 (0.5–2.5) .712 .840 0.05 73.5 (2.8) 76.4 (2.2) 1.2 (0.8–1.7) .360 .420 0.07 12-Month follow-up 78.0 (4.2) 77.4 (3.8) 1.0 (0.5–1.9) .906 .969 0.01 69.6 (3.5) 78.4 (2.8) 1.6 (1.1–2.4) .019 .115 0.20 Homeless/risk (%) 6-Month follow-up 38.1 (6.6) 27.9 (4.8) 0.6 (0.3–1.2) .158 .554 0.22 40.3 (3.4) 30.3 (3.1) 0.6 (0.4–1.0) .050 .176 0.21 12-Month follow-up 25.7 (4.1) 31.0 (5.3) 1.3 (0.7–2.5) .400 .969 0.12 33.8 (3.6) 35.7 (3.5) 1.1 (0.8–1.6) .623 .623 0.04 Worried about cost (%) 6-Month follow-up 29.5 (4.5) 32.2 (5.8) 1.1 (0.5–2.7) .755 .840 0.06 33.0 (2.7) 29.6 (2.6) 0.9 (0.6–1.2) .334 .420 0.07 12-Month follow-up 28.7 (4.8) 30.1 (4.6) 1.1 (0.6–2.0) .820 .969 0.03 32.6 (2.6) 24.0 (3.2) 0.6 (0.4–1.0) .033 .115 0.19 Life difficulties total score out of 15 (mean) Difference Difference 6-Month follow-up 3.0 (0.3) 2.7 (0.3) −0.3 (−1.0, 0.5) .491 .840 0.12 3.0 (0.2) 2.7 (0.1) −0.3 (−0.7, 0.2) .225 .394 0.12 12-Month follow-up 2.6 (0.2) 2.4 (0.2) −0.2 (−0.9, 0.4) .499 .969 0.09 2.8 (0.2) 2.6 (0.2) −0.2 (−0.5, 0.2) .376 .623 0.09 Data are estimate (standard error) unless otherwise indicated.
Intervention–by–poverty status interaction models were used multiple imputed data, were weighted for eligible sample for enrollment, and accounted for the design effect of the cluster randomization. A linear regression model was used for continuous variables (presented as the between-group difference) and a logistic regression model was used for binary variables (presented as odds ratio [OR]), adjusted for baseline status of the dependent variable, age, education, race/ethnicity, 12-month depressive disorder, and community. No significant interactions of intervention and poverty status were found for any outcome variables.
CEP, Community Engagement and Planning; CI, confidence interval; ES, standardized effect size; MHQOL, mental health quality of life; PFDR, P value adjusted for false discovery rate; PHQ-8, 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire; RS, Resources for Services.
- Appendix Table 2.
Service Utilization By Poverty Status and Intervention Assignment (Model 1) with P Values and the P Values Adjusted for False Discovery Rates
Not Below the Federal Poverty Line (n = 268) Below the Federal Poverty Line (n = 750) RS CEP CEP vs. RS, Test (95% CI) P PFDR ES RS CEP CEP vs. RS, Test (95% CI) P PFDR ES Nights spent in a behavioral health hospital (%) OR OR 6-Month follow-up 10.9 (4.0) 5.4 (2.6) 0.5 (0.2–1.3) .149 .941 0.20 10.4 (2.2) 5.9 (1.6) 0.5 (0.3–1.1) .087 .289 0.17 12-Month follow-up 5.0 (1.9) 3.9 (1.5) 0.8 (0.2–2.4) .620 .973 0.05 5.1 (1.2) 4.5 (1.0) 0.9 (0.4–1.7) .685 .857 0.03 Any MHS outpatient visits (%) 6-Month follow-up 50.3 (6.7) 51.0 (5.4) 1.0 (0.5–2.0) .918 .941 0.01 55.4 (3.4) 54.4 (3.6) 0.9 (0.6–1.6) .825 .825 0.02 12-Month follow-up 44.4 (6.1) 40.3 (6.0) 0.8 (0.3–2.1) .649 .973 0.08 44.5 (3.8) 43.4 (3.8) 0.9 (0.6–1.5) .818 .909 0.02 MHS outpatient visits (mean) IRR IRR 6-Month follow-up 7.5 (2.6) 8.0 (1.7) 1.1 (0.5–2.5) .847 .941 0.03 11.7 (2.4) 8.0 (1.3) 0.7 (0.4–1.3) .211 .422 0.15 12-Month follow-up 5.5 (1.9) 4.7 (1.2) 0.9 (0.4–1.9) .703 .973 0.06 6.0 (1.0) 4.8 (0.5) 0.8 (0.5–1.2) .264 .857 0.09 MHS outpatient visits during which advice for medication was received (mean) 6-Month follow-up 7.0 (3.3) 5.3 (0.8) 0.8 (0.3–2.2) .626 .941 0.11 12.2 (2.8) 5.2 (0.5) 0.4 (0.2–0.7) .006 .059 0.30 12-Month follow-up 6.4 (2.5) 8.2 (2.0) 1.3 (0.5–3.4) .603 .973 0.12 6.0 (1.0) 6.1 (0.8) 1.0 (0.6–1.6) .968 .968 0.01 MHS outpatient visits during which counseling was received (mean) 6-Month follow-up 10.5 (3.6) 10.7 (1.9) 1.0 (0.5–2.3) .939 .941 0.01 17.3 (3.3) 10.7 (1.4) 0.6 (0.3–1.2) .118 .294 0.24 12-Month follow-up 9.3 (2.6) 10.3 (2.4) 1.1 (0.5–2.3) .778 .973 0.06 8.9 (1.3) 7.7 (0.8) 0.9 (0.6–1.3) .442 .857 0.10 Any outpatient SA service or self-help group (%) OR OR 6-Month follow-up 22.3 (3.9) 28.3 (5.5) 1.5 (0.6–3.6) .307 .941 0.14 28.0 (4.3) 30.6 (3.7) 1.2 (0.7–2.1) .545 .778 0.06 12-Month follow-up 13.7 (3.2) 18.4 (3.6) 1.5 (0.7–3.3) .329 .973 0.13 18.6 (3.0) 20.5 (3.3) 1.1 (0.6–2.3) .672 .857 0.05 Stayed in residential treatment for substance abuse problem (%) 6-Month follow-up 12.8 (4.1) 12.4 (4.1) 1.0 (0.4–2.6) .941 .941 0.01 12.8 (3.5) 15.1 (3.7) 1.3 (0.6–2.6) .521 .778 0.07 12-Month follow-up 5.2 (2.4) 3.8 (2.8) 0.6 (0.0–11.6) .670 .973 0.07 7.4 (1.9) 5.9 (2.0) 0.8 (0.3–1.9) .566 .857 0.06 Visited PCP (%) 6-Month follow-up 73.0 (3.9) 67.5 (5.6) 0.8 (0.4–1.5) .394 .941 0.12 66.7 (3.5) 67.8 (3.6) 1.1 (0.7–1.6) .78 .825 0.02 12-Month follow-up 71.1 (4.9) 68.6 (4.7) 0.9 (0.4–1.8) .724 .973 0.05 61.1 (2.7) 71.7 (2.7) 1.7 (1.2–2.4) .004 .044 0.23 Visits in community (informal) sector for depression (mean) IRR IRR 6-Month follow-up 3.7 (1.7) 3.0 (1.5) 0.8 (0.2–3.0) .728 .941 0.04 2.2 (0.5) 4.4 (1.0) 2.0 (1.1–3.9) .032 .159 0.15 12-Month follow-up 2.5 (1.0) 2.5 (1.5) 0.9 (0.3–3.6) .935 .994 0.00 1.7 (0.4) 3.9 (1.2) 2.3 (1.1–5.1) .033 .163 0.14 Outpatient contacts for depression, all sectors (mean) 6-Month follow-up 16.4 (3.8) 19.8 (4.8) 1.2 (0.6–2.3) .571 .941 0.09 25.0 (4.8) 22.6 (3.1) 0.9 (0.5–1.6) .724 .825 0.05 12-Month follow-up 14.7 (4.9) 14.6 (3.9) 1.0 (0.4–2.2) .994 .994 0.00 19.8 (2.8) 18.0 (2.6) 0.9 (0.6–1.3) .621 .857 0.04 Data are estimate (standard error) unless otherwise indicated.
Intervention–by–poverty status interaction models were used multiple imputed data, were weighted for eligible sample for enrollment, and accounted for the design effect of the cluster randomization. A logistic regression model was used for binary variables (presented as odds ratio [OR]) and a Poisson regression model for continuous variables (presented as incidence rate ratios [IRRs]), adjusted for baseline status of the dependent variable, age, education, race/ethnicity, 12-month depressive disorder, and community. No significant interactions of intervention and poverty status were found for any outcome variables.
CEP, Community Engagement and Planning; CI, confidence interval; ES, standardized effect size; MHS, mental health specialty; PCP, primary care provider; PFDR, P value adjusted for false discovery rate; RS, Resources for Services; SA, substance abuse.
- Appendix Table 3.
Health and Social Outcomes by Intervention Assignment Among Mutually Exclusive Client Subgroups Below the Federal Poverty Line (Model 2) with P Values and the P Values Adjusted for False Discovery Rates
Involved in the Justice System (n = 158) Homeless, Not Involved in the Justice System (n = 298) Other Poor (n = 294) RS CEP CEP vs. RS, Test (95% CI) P PFDR ES RS CEP CEP vs. RS, Test (95% CI) P PFDR ES RS CEP CEP vs. RS, Test (95% CI) P PFDR ES Poor MHQOL (%) OR OR OR 6-Month follow-up 50.1 (5.3) 38.0 (5.7) 0.6 (0.3–1.2) .144 .252 0.24 55.6 (5.8) 49.4 (4.8) 0.8 (0.4–1.5) .424 .594 0.12 47.9 (4.4) 47.6 (3.7) 1.0 (0.6–1.5) .965 .977 0.00 12-Month follow-up 50.6 (8.0) 40.9 (7.9) 0.7 (0.3–1.8) .392 .846 0.19 55.3 (4.4) 48.1 (4.6) 0.7 (0.5–1.2) .223 .519 0.14 50.2 (4.8) 45.8 (5.4) 0.8 (0.5–1.4) .501 .911 0.09 PHQ-8 standard score (mean) Difference Difference Difference 6-Month follow-up 13.0 (1.0) 13.0 (0.9) 0.0 (−2.9, 2.9) .997 .997 0.00 13.7 (0.6) 12.8 (0.7) −0.9 (−2.7, 1.0) .347 .594 0.13 12.5 (0.8) 12.5 (0.7) 0.0 (−2.5, 2.4) .977 .977 0.00 12-Month follow-up 11.8 (0.9) 11.5 (1.2) −0.3 (−2.6, 2.1) .809 .883 0.04 12.7 (0.6) 12.1 (0.6) −0.6 (−2.2, 1.0) .434 .555 0.09 12.5 (0.8) 12.6 (0.6) 0.0 (−1.9, 1.9) .978 .978 0.00 Mental wellness (%) OR OR OR 6-Month follow-up 31.0 (6.4) 50.8 (6.7) 2.5 (0.9–6.9) .080 .187 0.41 33.4 (4.7) 40.3 (4.2) 1.4 (0.7–2.7) .340 .594 0.14 29.6 (4.1) 45.7 (4.3) 2.1 (1.2–3.7) .009 .062 0.33 12-Month follow-up 51.8 (8.3) 58.4 (6.8) 1.3 (0.4–4.1) .589 .846 0.13 40.1 (5.0) 48.9 (6.1) 1.5 (0.7–3.0) .304 .531 0.18 46.1 (5.5) 43.0 (4.5) 0.9 (0.5–1.6) .651 .911 0.06 Good physical health (%) 6-Month follow-up 74.2 (5.5) 79.8 (5.5) 1.4 (0.6–3.5) .459 .643 0.13 73.5 (3.1) 74.0 (4.8) 1.0 (0.6–1.8) .906 0.917 0.01 72.9 (4.4) 76.8 (3.9) 1.2 (0.6–2.4) .499 .977 0.09 12-Month follow-up 73.9 (5.4) 81.8 (7.1) 1.6 (0.5–4.9) .348 .846 0.19 66.5 (4.0) 78.3 (4.0) 1.9 (1.0–3.4) .042 0.196 0.27 70.9 (5.3) 77.0 (3.6) 1.4 (0.8–2.5) .263 .911 0.14 Homeless/risk (%) 6-Month follow-up 41.9 (7.3) 20.6 (6.4) 0.4 (0.1–0.9) .036 .126 0.46 55.1 (4.5) 46.1 (5.9) 0.7 (0.4–1.3) .267 0.594 0.18 24.5 (4.6) 17.9 (3.3) 0.7 (0.4–1.3) .213 .746 0.16 12-Month follow-up 32.2 (8.6) 36.7 (6.6) 1.2 (0.5–2.8) .588 .846 0.10 45.2 (4.7) 48.0 (4.9) 1.1 (0.7–1.9) .643 0.643 0.06 23.1 (5.1) 21.7 (4.6) 0.9 (0.4–2.1) .836 .976 0.03 Worried about cost (%) 6-Month follow-up 34.9 (6.5) 32.9 (5.4) 0.9 (0.4–1.9) .807 .942 0.04 35.7 (4.4) 30.7 (4.2) 0.8 (0.5–1.4) .402 0.594 0.11 29.0 (4.6) 27.5 (4.1) 0.9 (0.6–1.6) .769 .977 0.03 12-Month follow-up 30.8 (5.6) 26.4 (7.7) 0.8 (0.3–2.0) .604 .846 0.10 37.3 (4.3) 23.3 (4.9) 0.5 (0.2–1.0) .056 0.196 0.31 28.3 (4.8) 23.7 (3.7) 0.8 (0.4–1.4) .418 .911 0.11 Life difficulties total score out of 15 (mean) Difference Difference Difference 6-Month follow-up 2.9 (0.4) 1.9 (0.3) −1.1 (−1.9, −0.2) .017 .120 0.44 3.3 (0.3) 3.3 (0.3) 0.0 (−0.8, 0.7) .917 0.917 0.01 2.6 (0.3) 2.6 (0.2) −0.1 (−0.7, 0.5) .808 .977 0.03 12-Month follow-up 2.5 (0.4) 2.6 (0.3) 0.1 (−1.3, 1.5) .883 .883 0.04 3.0 (0.2) 2.7 (0.3) −0.2 (−0.9, 0.4) .476 0.555 0.10 2.7 (0.3) 2.5 (0.3) −0.2 (−1, 0.6) .547 .911 0.12 Data are estimate (standard error) unless otherwise indicated.
Intervention–by–vulnerable subgroup interaction models were used multiple imputed data, were weighted for eligible sample for enrollment, and accounted for the design effect of the cluster randomization. A linear regression model was used for continuous variables (presented as between-group differences) and a logistic regression model for binary variables (presented as odds ratio [OR]), adjusted for baseline status of the dependent variable, age, education, race/ethnicity, 12-month depressive disorder, and community. No significant interactions of intervention and poverty status were found for any outcome variables.
CEP, Community Engagement and Planning; CI, confidence interval; ES, standardized effect size; MHQOL, mental health quality of life; PFDR, P value adjusted for false discovery rate; PHQ-8, 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire; RS, Resources for Services.
- Appendix Table 4.
Service Utilization by Intervention Assignment Among Mutually Exclusive Client Subgroups Below the Federal Poverty Line (Model 2) with P Values and the P Values Adjusted for False Discovery Rates
Involved in the Justice System (n = 158) Homeless, Not Involved in the Justice System (n = 298) Other Poor (n = 294) RS CEP CEP vs. RS, Test (95% CI) P PFDR ES RS CEP CEP vs. RS, Test (95% CI) P PFDR ES RS CEP CEP vs. RS, Test (95% CI) P PFDR ES Nights spent in a behavioral health hospital (%) OR OR OR 6-Month follow-up 13.5 (4.2) 7.5 (4.4) 0.5 (0.1–2.3) .356 .811 0.20 11.6 (4.1) 6.3 (2.8) 0.5 (0.1–2.1) .324 .541 0.19 6.8 (2.7) 4.9 (2.0) 0.7 (0.2–2.2) .532 .759 0.08 12-Month follow-up 4.0 (2.2) 4.4 (2.2) 1.1 (0.3–4.3) .883 .961 0.02 8.0 (2.0) 5.1 (2.1) 0.6 (0.2–1.8) .356 .712 0.12 1.8 (1.6) 3.8 (1.8) 2.4 (0.3–18.2) .383 .922 0.13 Any MHS outpatient visits (%) 6-Month follow-up 52.1 (7.2) 61.0 (7.2) 1.6 (0.6–4.3) .354 .811 0.18 54.6 (5.1) 52.8 (5.3) 0.9 (0.5–1.8) .780 .780 0.04 61.4 (5.3) 55.4 (4.2) 0.7 (0.4–1.4) .336 .571 0.12 12-Month follow-up 38.1 (7.5) 42.4 (7.6) 1.2 (0.5–2.9) .616 .961 0.09 45.6 (5.0) 41.3 (4.6) 0.8 (0.4–1.6) .526 .729 0.09 50.5 (5.3) 48.1 (4.7) 0.9 (0.5–1.7) .723 .922 0.05 MHS outpatient visits (mean) IRR IRR IRR 6-Month follow-up 13.3 (4.4) 10.4 (2.7) 0.8 (0.3–1.9) .574 .836 0.10 11.3 (3.7) 8.2 (1.8) 0.7 (0.3–1.9) .469 .670 0.13 11.7 (3.4) 6.9 (1.4) 0.6 (0.3–1.3) .186 .571 0.24 12-Month follow-up 3.6 (1.0) 4.4 (1.1) 1.2 (0.7–2.2) .536 .961 0.08 7.6 (1.8) 4.6 (0.8) 0.6 (0.3–1.1) .074 .711 0.19 5.7 (1.7) 5.5 (1.0) 1 (0.5–1.9) .943 .943 0.02 MHS outpatient visits during which advice for medication was received (mean) 6-Month follow-up 14.3 (5.9) 5.7 (1.1) 0.4 (0.2–0.9) .038 .192 0.31 10.9 (4.4) 4.9 (0.7) 0.5 (0.2–1.1) .065 .541 0.26 12.4 (4.3) 5.3 (1.1) 0.4 (0.2–1.1) .080 .571 0.35 12-Month follow-up 6.6 (1.9) 6.1 (1.4) 0.9 (0.5–2.0) .860 .961 0.05 6.1 (1.3) 6.2 (1.3) 1.0 (0.6–1.8) .958 .958 0.01 5.4 (1.8) 6.1 (1.3) 1.1 (0.5–2.7) .737 .922 0.07 MHS outpatient visits during which counseling was received counseling (mean) 6-Month follow-up 24.9 (7.2) 9.0 (2.4) 0.4 (0.2–0.7) .007 .066 0.48 14.8 (4.5) 12.7 (2.3) 0.9 (0.3–2.4) .755 .780 0.07 15.8 (5.1) 10.1 (2.5) 0.6 (0.2–1.7) .343 .571 0.26 12-Month follow-up 8.0 (2.4) 9.0 (1.7) 1.1 (0.5–2.8) .756 .961 0.08 9.4 (1.9) 7.8 (1.4) 0.8 (0.5–1.4) .484 .729 0.13 8.9 (2.3) 7.3 (1.6) 0.8 (0.4–1.5) .511 .922 0.15 Any outpatient substance abuse service or self-help group (%) OR OR OR 6-Month follow-up 39.1 (6.9) 38.8 (5.8) 1.0 (0.4–2.3) .964 .964 0.01 24.3 (5.0) 30.9 (4.7) 1.5 (0.7–3.3) .269 .541 .15 23.9 (5.9) 26.6 (6.1) 1.2 (0.4–3.6) .756 .759 0.06 12-Month follow-up 23.0 (4.7) 22.8 (6.2) 1.0 (0.4–2.6) .958 .961 0.01 17.7 (3.9) 20.5 (4.2) 1.2 (0.5–3.1) .656 .729 .07 16.0 (4.5) 19.8 (4.5) 1.3 (0.4–4.3) .586 .922 0.10 Stayed in residential treatment for substance abuse problem (%) 6-Month follow-up 18.4 (4.7) 19.6 (5.4) 1.1 (0.4–2.7) .856 .951 0.03 10.5 (4.2) 15.7 (4.1) 1.8 (0.6–5.5) .308 .541 .16 9.8 (5.2) 12.1 (5.3) 1.3 (0.3–6.2) .759 .759 0.07 12-Month follow-up 7.3 (3.9) 6.8 (3.4) 1.0 (0.2–4.4) .961 .961 0.02 10.2 (2.7) 8.3 (3.1) 0.8 (0.3–2.1) .610 .729 .07 3.7 (2.3) 3.3 (2.0) 0.9 (0.1–5.9) .872 .943 0.02 Visited PCP (%) 6-Month follow-up 58.3 (6.5) 60.9 (9.4) 1.1 (0.4–3.4) .804 .951 0.05 64.2 (4.3) 72.0 (4.4) 1.5 (0.8–2.9) .215 .541 .17 73.3 (3.8) 65.5 (4.3) 0.7 (0.4–1.2) .156 .571 0.17 12-Month follow-up 53.7 (5.7) 63.7 (7.4) 1.6 (0.7–3.4) .252 .839 0.20 61.2 (5.4) 70.8 (4.5) 1.6 (0.8–3.1) .171 .711 .20 62.8 (4.8) 74.5 (4.3) 1.8 (1.0–3.3) .056 .281 0.25 Visits in community (informal) sector for depression (mean) IRR IRR IRR 6-Month follow-up 2.8 (1.6) 4.7 (1.7) 1.7 (0.5–5.8) .406 .811 0.14 1.9 (0.8) 4.5 (1.8) 2.3 (0.8–7.1) .126 .541 .11 1.8 (1.2) 4.3 (1.8) 2.5 (0.5–12.2) .242 .571 0.18 12-Month follow-up 1.3 (0.8) 4.8 (3.1) 3.6 (0.8–15.7) .084 .422 0.18 2.4 (0.8) 4.2 (1.8) 1.8 (0.6–5) .284 .711 .11 1.0 (0.4) 3.2 (1.6) 3.3 (1.0–11) .050 .281 0.21 Outpatient contacts for depression all sectors (mean) 6-Month follow-up 28.3 (8.0) 33.1 (8.3) 1.2 (0.7–2.1) .585 .836 0.07 25.2 (7.5) 21.3 (5.5) 0.8 (0.3–2.7) .735 .780 0.08 22.3 (6.2) 19.1 (4.8) 0.9 (0.4–1.9) .686 .759 0.08 12-Month follow-up 11.4 (3.5) 21.8 (5.9) 1.9 (1–3.8) .065 .422 0.27 24.5 (4.5) 17.5 (3.9) 0.7 (0.4–1.2) .229 .711 0.13 20.5 (5.0) 17.5 (3.7) 0.9 (0.5–1.6) .622 .922 0.09 Data are estimate (standard error) unless otherwise indicated.
Intervention–by–vulnerable subgroups interaction models were used multiple imputed data, were weighted for eligible sample for enrollment, and accounted for the design effect of the cluster randomization. A logistic regression model was used for binary variables (presented as odds ratio [OR]) and a Poisson regression model for continuous variables (presented as incidence rate ratios [IRRs]), adjusted for baseline status of the dependent variable, age, education, race/ethnicity, 12-month depressive disorder, and community. No significant interactions of intervention and poverty status were found for any outcome variables.
CEP, Community Engagement and Planning; CI, confidence interval; ES, standardized effect size; MHS, mental health specialty; PCP, primary care provider; PFDR, P value adjusted for false discovery rate; RS, Resources for Services; SA, substance abuse.
