Reducing Utilization by Uninsured Frequent Users of the Emergency Department: Combining Case Management and Drop-in Group Medical Appointments

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Figure 1.
Hospital use (emergency department [ED] and inpatient [IP]).

Table 1. Comparison of Patients Enrolled in Treatment Group to Total Cohort

Variable	Treatment Group		Total Cohort		P^*
Variable	n (Median)	IQR	n (Median)	IQR	P^*
Age	34 (45.0)	12	255 (32.0)	17	<.001
Previsits per month	34 (0.58)	0.17	254 (0.58)	0.33	.810
Precharges per month	34 (1167)	1133	255 (628)	718	.002
Sex	n (%)		n (%)		P^{^†}
Female	15 (44.4)		130 (51.0)		.449
Male	19 (55.6)		125 (49.0)

Table 2. Enrolled Patient Problems and Frequencies

Problem	Patients (n)
Behavioral health
Substance abuse	17
Ethyl alcohol	7
Opioids	6
Benzodiazepine	1
Cocaine	2
Methamphetamine	1
Depression	13
Bipolar	10
GAD	6
Panic disorder	6
PTSD	6
Psychosis	4
Physical health
Serious/unstable
Chronic pain	27
COPD/asthma	6
Cervical/lumbar radiculopathy	4
Cyclic/recurrent vomiting	3
Weight loss	3
Cerebrovascular accident	2
Seizure disorder	2
Fracture	2
Sarcoidosis	1
Chronic pancreatitis	1
Congestive heart failure	1
Malignant hypertension	1
PSVT	1
Hyperthyroidism	1
Rheumatoid Arthritis	1
Chronic/Stable
Tobacco abuse	13
Hypertension	7
Morbid obesity	6
Hepatitis	4
GERD	4
Fibromyalgia	3
Hyperlipidemia	3
DJD	2
Urinary incontinence	2
Gout	2
Hypothyroidism	2
Diabetes	1
Obstructive sleep apnea	1

COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DJD, degenerative joint disease; GAD, generalized anxiety disorder; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; PSVT, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder.

Table 3. Comparison of Treatment Group (Before vs After) and Treatment With Cohort Subset

Variable	Treatment		P^*	Control		P^*	Comparison
Variable	n (Median)	IQR	P^*	n (Median)	IQR	P^*	P^{^†}
Age, years	34 (45.0)	12		36 (33.0)	17.0		<.001
Visits per month
Before	34 (0.58)	0.33		36 (0.58)	0.21		.891
After	34 (0.23)	0.50		36 (0.42)	0.50		.007
Difference	34 (0.35)	0.33	<.001	36 (0.13)	0.50	.084	.005
Charges per month (CA$)
Before	34 (1167)	1132
After	33 (230)	899
Difference	33 (637)	1104	<.001