Diabetes and Cancer Screening Rates among Appalachian and Non-Appalachian Residents of Kentucky

Article Figures & Data

Table 1.

Descriptive Statistics of a Sample of 1030 Kentucky Residents, 2008

Strata	Total (n = 1,030)		Men (n = 332)		Women (n = 698)
Strata	Freq	Percent	Freq	Percent	Freq	Percent
Age (years)
0–24	32	3.1	16	4.8	16	2.3
25–49	321	31.2	86	26.0	235	33.7
50–64	393	38.2	136	41.1	257	36.9
65–74	157	15.3	58	17.5	99	14.2
75–85	100	9.7	26	7.9	74	10.6
≥85	25	2.4	9	2.7	16	2.3
Appalachian region				19.3
Yes	214	20.8	64	80.7	150	21.6
No	813	79.2	268		545	78.4
Married or living with partner
Yes	643	63.1	232	70.1	411	59.7
No	376	36.9	99	29.9	277	40.3
Race
White	954	93.7	308	93.3	646	93.9
Black	46	4.5	16	4.9	30	4.4
Asian	4	0.4	1	0.3	3	0.4
Other	14	1.4	5	1.5	9	1.3
Education					98
<High school	132	13.0	34	10.3	241	14.2
High school or GED	347	34.1	106	32.1	349	35.0
College	539	52.9	190	57.6		50.7
Diabetes status
None	813	79.1	256	77.1	557	80.0
Prediabetes	52	5.1	14	4.2	38	5.5
Diabetes	163	15.9	62	18.7	101	14.5

Denominator for percents includes all data available for any given analysis (eg, n = 1,027 having Appalachian/non-Appalachian county data; n = 1,028 for diabetes status).
Freq, frequency; GED, General Educational Development.

Table 2.

Bivariate Associations between Diabetes Status* and Screening Examinations, Kentucky Residents, 2008

	Frequency^†	Percent Screened	P (χ²)
Women, age ≥23 years
Papanicolaou test within 2 years
With diabetes	57	66.7	.06
Without diabetes	374	78.1
Papanicolaou test within 3 years
With diabetes	57	70.2	.0007
Without diabetes	374	84.3
Women, age ≥42 years
Regular mammography
With diabetes	89	68.5	.006
Without diabetes	401	81.6
Mammography within 2 years
With diabetes	94	66.0
Without diabetes	423	76.8	.03
Men and women, age ≥52 years
FOBT within 2 years
With diabetes	129	24.8	.25
Without diabetes	467	20.1
Colonoscopy/ sigmoidoscopy within 10 years
With Diabetes	130	63.1	.72
Without Diabetes	466	61.4

Bold values indicate P≤ .05.
↵* Patients with diabetes are subjects who have ever been told that they had diabetes by a health professional. Patients without diabetes are subjects who have not ever been told by a health professional that they had diabetes.
↵† Frequency differs across strata because of age and sex eligibility and missing data.
FOBT, fecal occult blood test.

Table 3.

Bivariate Associations between Appalachian Residency and Screening Examinations, Kentucky Residents 2008

	Frequency^*	Percent Screened	P (χ²)
Women, age ≥23 years with no hysterectomy
Papanicolaou test within 2 years
Appalachian	108	70.5	.11
Non-Appalachian	344	77.9
Pap test within 3 years
Appalachian	108	75.9	.11
Non-Appalachian	344	84.6
Women, age ≥42 years
Regular mammograms
Appalachian	114	72.8	.04
Non-Appalachian	405	81.7
Mammography within 2 years
Appalachian	122	73.0	.57
Non-Appalachian	427	75.9
Men and women, age ≥52 years
FOBT within 2 years
Appalachian	135	25.2	.01
Non-Appalachian	494	19.8
Colonoscopy/ sigmoidoscopy within 10 years
Appalachian	136	49.3	.0007
Non-Appalachian	494	67.0

Bold values indicate P≤ .05.
↵* Frequency differs across strata because of age and sex eligibility requirements and missing data.
FOBT, fecal occult blood testing.

Table 4.

Bivariate Associations between Diabetes Status* and Screening Examinations for Those in and outside of Appalachia, Kentucky Residents 2008

Screening Test	Appalachian Resident			Non-Appalachian Resident
Screening Test	Frequency^†	%Screened	P (χ²)	Frequency^†	%Screened	P (χ²)
Women, age ≥23 years
Papanicolaou test within 2 years
With diabetes	15	60.0	.34	42	69.1	.11
Without diabetes	90	72.2		283	79.9
Papanicolaou test within 3 years
With diabetes	15	60.0	.11	42	73.8	.03
Without diabetes	90	78.9		283	86.6
Women, age ≥42 years
Regular mammography
With diabetes	22	59.0	.12	66	72.7	.05
Without diabetes	87	75.9		313	83.1
Mammography within 2 years
With diabetes	23	65.2	.37	70	67.1	.07
Without diabetes	94	74.5		328	77.4
Men and women, age ≥52 years
FOBT within 2 years
With diabetes	32	28.1	.56	96	22.9	.41
Without diabetes	100	23.0		366	19.1
Colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy within 10 years
With diabetes	31	41.9	.46	98	70.4	.28
Without diabetes	101	49.5		364	64.6

Bold values indicate P≤ .05.
↵* Patients with diabetes are subjects who have ever been told by a health professional that they had diabetes. Patients without diabetes are subjects who have not ever been told by a health professional that they had diabetes.
↵† Frequency differs across strata because of age and sex eligibility and missing data.
FOBT, fecal occult blood test.

Table 5.

Multivariate Logistic Regression* of Six Screening Tests, Kentucky Residents 2008

Screening Test	Diabetes^† (yes/no)	Appalachian Resident (yes/no)
Women, age ≥23 years
Papanicolaou test within 2 years	0.89 (0.46–1.74)	0.78 (0.45–1.34)
Papanicolaou test within 3 years	0.62 (0.30–1.26)	0.66 (0.36–1.22)
Women, age ≥42 years
Regular mammography	0.56 (0.32–0.96)	0.71 (0.43–1.19)
Mammography within 2 years	0.65 (0.39–1.08)	0.93 (0.57–1.51)
Men and women, age ≥52 years
FOBT within 2 years	1.44 (0.90–2.33)	1.37 (0.85–2.20)
Colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy within 10 years	1.24 (0.81–1.91)	0.54 (0.36–0.80)

Values shown as adjusted odds ratio (95% CI). Bold values indicate P≤ .05.
↵* Controlling for education, race, and age.
↵† Patients with diabetes are subjects who have ever been told by a health professional that they had diabetes. Patients without diabetes are subjects who have not ever been told by a health professional that they had diabetes.
FOBT, fecal occult blood test.