Article Figures & Data
Tables
Characteristic Result, N = 360 Female, No. (%) 260 (72.2) Age, mean (SD) 53.0 (13.5) BMI (SD) 33.4 (9.1) Race/ethnicity, No. (%) Caucasian 154 (44.6) Hispanic 104 (30.1) African-American 83 (24.1) Other 4 (1.2) Education, No. (%) Less than high school 71 (19.9) High school or GED 120 (33.7) Some college or technical 121 (34.0) College or postgrad 44 (12.4) Employed currently, No. (%) 81 (22.9) On disability or applying for disability, No. (%) 177 (49.2) Household income, No. (%) < $1000 per month 166 (50.9) $1000 to $1999 per month 82 (25.2) $2000 to $2999 per month 32 (9.8) $3000 or greater 46 (14.1) Comorbidities, No. (%) Osteoarthritis (other than back) 55 (15.3) Asthma 57 (15.8) COPD 47 (13.1) Diabetes 91 (25.3) Depression or anxiety 152 (42.2) GI disorders 84 (23.3) Heart disease 34 (9.4) Hypertension 197 (54.7) High cholesterol 115 (31.9) Takes opioid medication, No. (%) 210 (58.5) Takes daily scheduled opioid medications, No. (%) 94 (26.1) Other treatments in the previous 12 months Acupuncture 15 (4.2) Chiropractor or adjustments 38 (10.6) Ice/heat 184 (51.1) Massage 100 (27.8) Pain clinic 66 (18.3) Physical therapy 89 (24.7) Injections 60 (16.7) Surgery 17 (4.7) Yoga 9 (2.5) In general, would you say your health is. . ? No. (%) Excellent 10 (2.8) Very good 37 (10.5) Good 81 (22.9) Fair 137 (38.7) Poor 89 (25.1) PHQ-2 score (depressive symptoms in the last 30 days),* No. (SD) 2 61 (17.3) 3 to 4 91 (25.8) 5 to 6 109 (30.9) 7 to 8 92 (26.0) Intimate partner violence, No. (%)† Ever 90 (36.1) In past 12 months 12 (4.8) In past 30 days 10 (4.0) Sum of supportive people checked (range, 1 to 9), (SD) 2.6 (1.8) Patient has a written pain contract, No. (%) 67 (18.6) Pain Effect Result, N = 360 Average pain level* (SD) 6.8 (2.2) Worst pain level* (SD) 8.7 (5.3) Duration of pain, years (SD) 13.6 (13.1) How often did you have back pain in the last 30 days? No. (%) Never 2 (0.6) Once or twice 18 (5.0) Several times per week 101 (28.0) Every day 239 (66.4) When you had pain in your back, how long did it last? No. (%) No pain 2 (0.6) Less than 60 minutes 40 (11.2) Two to several hours 151 (42.3) All day and night 111 (31.1) Days 53 (14.8) In the past 12 months, how often did you have a flare-up in your back pain, when it got extra painful? No. (%) Never 15 (4.2) 1 to 5 times 69 (19.3) 6 to 9 times 57 (16.0) 10 + times 129 (36.2) Constant and severe pain 86 (24.2) When your back pain flared up in the past 12 months (got extra painful), how did it affect your life? No. (%) Little effect 19 (5.4) Limited usual work 70 (25.3) Could not do work 125 (35.5) Could not move from bed 72 (20.5) Dependent on others 66 (18.8) How much does pain interfere with your normal work (including both housework and paid work)? No. (%) No effect 14 (4.0) Small effect 28 (8.0) Moderate effect 93 (26.6) Large effect 123 (35.1) Extreme effect 92 (26.3) -
↵* Pain measured on a 1 to 10 scale.
-
All Subjects N = 360 Depression Screening Negative N = 61 Depression Screening Positive N = 292 No Opioid Use N = 150 Uses Opioids N = 210 Standardized β Coefficients and Significance Intercept 3.09‡ 4.20‡ 2.81‡ 2.79‡ 3.64 Average pain level 0.189‡ x 0.168† 0.148* 0.139* Flare-up frequency, last 12 months 0.108* x x 0.234† x How often pain in last 30 days x x 0.090* x 0.123* Effect of flare-up, last 12 months 0.170‡ 0.379‡ 0.148† 0.269‡ x Positive depression screen (PHQ-2 score > 2) 0.131† x 0.170‡ x 0.172† SF 36 Physical function score −0.382‡ −0.579‡ −0.355‡ −0.348‡ −0.460‡ Adjusted R2 0.535 0.685 0.452 0.609 0.398
