A Randomized, Controlled Trial of a Behavioral Intervention to Reduce Crying among Infants

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Figure 1.
Flow of participant progress. NICU, neonatal intensive-care unit.

Table 1.

Comparison of Groups on Demographic and Baseline Characteristics

Demographic Characteristic	Control (n = 24)		Intervention (n = 27)		P^*
Demographic Characteristic	Frequency	%	Frequency	%	P^*
Education
<High school	0	0	2	7	.1
High school graduate	2	8	6	22
>High school	22	92	19	70
Current employment
Unemployed	11	46	11	41	.6
Part-time	7	29	6	22
Full-time	6	25	10	37
If unemployed, expect to go back to work?
No	11	46	13	48	.9
Yes	13	54	14	52
Marital status
Single	5	21	5	19	.8
Married	19	79	22	81
Kids at home
0	5	21	5	19	.8
≥1	19	79	22	81
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Age of mother (years)	29	4	29	6	.9
EPDS (baseline)	4.1	3.1	4.8	3.9	.5
Daily sleep during first week (hours; n = 35)^†	14.7	2.0	14.8	14.8	.9
Daily total crying during first week (hours; n = 35)^†	2.2	1.1	2.0	1.2	.7

* Test of difference is χ² or Fisher exact tests (when cell size <5) for categorical variables and t test for continuous variables.
† Means of daily sleep time and crying time during first week available only for mothers completing first week of follow-up; n = 35 not reflective of whole sample at randomization.
EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.

Table 2.

Mean Daily Total Crying* and Sleeping (Hours/Day)

Age of Infant (Weeks)	Control (n = 17)		Intervention (n = 18)		P
Age of Infant (Weeks)	n (with Data)	Mean (SD)	n (with Data)	Mean (SD)	P
Crying
4	16	2.1 (1.2)	17	2.4 (0.9)	.3^†
6	16	1.9 (1.1)	17	2.2 (1.2)	.4^†
8	17	1.5 (1.2)	17	2.2 (1.2)	.04^†
12	14	1.2 (0.8)	12	1.8 (2.0)	.8^†
Sleeping
4	16	13.9 (2.4)	17	14.9 (1.6)	.2^‡
6	16	14.5 (1.9)	17	14.4 (1.5)	.8^‡
8	17	14.1 (1.7)	17	13.9 (1.6)	.7^‡
12	14	14.1 (1.5)	12	14.0 (2.2)	1.0^‡