The Association of Vitamin D Deficiency and Insufficiency with Diabetic Nephropathy: Implications for Health Disparities

Article Figures & Data

Table 1.

Demographics and Characteristics of Adults (≥20 Years Old) with Diagnosed Diabetes

	Total	Non-Hispanic White	Non-Hispanic Black	Hispanic	P^*
Weighted sample size (n, in millions)	12.6	8.8	2.0	1.8
Age (%)
20 to 45	18.4	15.0	23.8	28.4	<.01
>45	81.6	85.0	76.2	71.6
Sex (%)
Male	47.9	49.0	42.6	48.4	.18
Female	52.1	51.0	57.4	51.6
Smoking status (%)
Never	47.4	47.3	44.9	50.2	<.01
Former	33.4	35.9	28.0	27.3
Current	19.2	16.7	27.0	22.5
BMI [kg/m²] (%)
<30	43.3	41.6	38.3	57.0	.01
≥30	56.7	58.4	61.7	43.0
Nephropathy (%)	30.7	27.8	36.2	38.5	.02
Diagnosed hypertension (%)	64.2	65.5	74.9	46.0	<.01
Diagnosed high cholesterol (%)	57.6	60.8	50.2	50.7	.02
On ACE inhibitors/ARB (%)	11.9	12.8	11.1	8.6	.37
Vitamin D (%)
<20 ng/mL	48.9	39.5	80.4	59.0	<.01
20 to 29 ng/mL	36.6	41.2	18.1	34.8
≥30 ng/mL	14.5	19.2	1.5	6.1

* P calculated using χ² tests.
BMI, Body Mass Index; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers.

Table 2.

Demographics and Characteristics of Adults (≥20 Years Old) with Diagnosed Diabetes by Nephropathy Status

*P calculated using χ² tests.
BMI, Body Mass Index; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers.

Table 3.

Logistic Regression Predicting Nephropathy Among Adults (≥20 Years Old) With Diabetes

Vitamin D (ng/ML)	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	Odds Ratio (95% CI)^*	Odds Ratio (95% CI)^†
<20	1.96 (1.21–3.19)	1.78 (1.04–3.06)	1.85 (1.06–3.23)
20 to 29	1.77 (1.11–2.81)	1.62 (1.03–2.55)	1.79 (1.12–2.85)
≥30	1.00	1.00	1.00

* Regression also controls for: age, gender, race/ethnicity.
† Regression also controls for: age, gender, race/ethnicity, hypertension, high cholesterol, smoking status, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers, obesity.