Skip to main content

Main menu

  • HOME
  • ARTICLES
    • Current Issue
    • Abstracts In Press
    • Archives
    • Special Issue Archive
    • Subject Collections
  • INFO FOR
    • Authors
    • Reviewers
    • Call For Papers
    • Subscribers
    • Advertisers
  • SUBMIT
    • Manuscript
    • Peer Review
  • ABOUT
    • The JABFM
    • The Editing Fellowship
    • Editorial Board
    • Indexing
    • Editors' Blog
  • CLASSIFIEDS
  • Other Publications
    • abfm

User menu

Search

  • Advanced search
American Board of Family Medicine
  • Other Publications
    • abfm
American Board of Family Medicine

American Board of Family Medicine

Advanced Search

  • HOME
  • ARTICLES
    • Current Issue
    • Abstracts In Press
    • Archives
    • Special Issue Archive
    • Subject Collections
  • INFO FOR
    • Authors
    • Reviewers
    • Call For Papers
    • Subscribers
    • Advertisers
  • SUBMIT
    • Manuscript
    • Peer Review
  • ABOUT
    • The JABFM
    • The Editing Fellowship
    • Editorial Board
    • Indexing
    • Editors' Blog
  • CLASSIFIEDS
  • JABFM on Bluesky
  • JABFM On Facebook
  • JABFM On Twitter
  • JABFM On YouTube
Review ArticleClinical Review

Sleep-Disordered Breathing During Pregnancy

Chakradhar Venkata and Saiprakash B. Venkateshiah
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine March 2009, 22 (2) 158-168; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2009.02.080057
Chakradhar Venkata
Division of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (CV)
MD
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Saiprakash B. Venkateshiah
Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia (SBV)
MD
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

References

  1. ↵
    Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S. The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1230–5.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  2. ↵
    Iber C A-IS, Chesson A, Quan SF. The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: rules, terminology and technical specifications, 1st edition. Westchester (IL): American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2007.
  3. ↵
    Elkus R, Popovich J Jr. Respiratory physiology in pregnancy. Clin Chest Med 1992; 13: 555–65.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  4. ↵
    Mabry RL. Rhinitis of pregnancy. South Med J 1986; 79: 965–71.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  5. ↵
    Young T, Finn L, Palta M. Chronic nasal congestion at night is a risk factor for snoring in a population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 1514–9.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  6. ↵
    Young T, Finn L, Kim H. Nasal obstruction as a risk factor for sleep-disordered breathing. The University of Wisconsin Sleep and Respiratory Research Group. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 99: S757–62.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  7. ↵
    Izci B, Vennelle M, Liston WA, Dundas KC, Calder AA, Douglas NJ. Sleep-disordered breathing and upper airway size in pregnancy and post-partum. Eur Respir J 2006; 27: 321–7.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  8. ↵
    Pilkington S, Carli F, Dakin MJ, et al. Increase in Mallampati score during pregnancy. Br J Anaesth 1995; 74: 638–42.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  9. ↵
    Contreras G, Gutierrez M, Beroiza T, et al. Ventilatory drive and respiratory muscle function in pregnancy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 837–41.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  10. ↵
    Bradley TD, McNicholas WT, Rutherford R, Popkin J, Zamel N, Phillipson EA. Clinical and physiologic heterogeneity of the central sleep apnea syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 134: 217–21.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  11. ↵
    Hertz G, Fast A, Feinsilver SH, Albertario CL, Schulman H, Fein AM. Sleep in normal late pregnancy. Sleep 1992; 15: 246–51.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  12. ↵
    Kapsimalis F, Kryger M. Obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy. Sleep Med Clin 2007; 2: 603–13.
    OpenUrl
  13. ↵
    Edwards N, Middleton PG, Blyton DM, Sullivan CE. Sleep disordered breathing and pregnancy. Thorax 2002; 57: 555–8.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  14. ↵
    Remmers JE, deGroot WJ, Sauerland EK, Anch AM. Pathogenesis of upper airway occlusion during sleep. J Appl Physiol 1978; 44: 931–8.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  15. ↵
    Weinberger SE, Weiss ST, Cohen WR, Weiss JW, Johnson TS. Pregnancy and the lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980; 121: 559–81.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  16. ↵
    Awe RJ, Nicotra MB, Newsom TD, Viles R. Arterial oxygenation and alveolar-arterial gradients in term pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1979; 53: 182–6.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  17. ↵
    White DP. Pathogenesis of obstructive and central sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172: 1363–70.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  18. ↵
    Bevan DR, Holdcroft A, Loh L, MacGregor WG, O'Sullivan JC, Sykes MK. Closing volume and pregnancy. Br Med J 1974; 1: 13–5.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  19. ↵
    Brunner DP, Munch M, Biedermann K, Huch R, Huch A, Borbely AA. Changes in sleep and sleep electroencephalogram during pregnancy. Sleep 1994; 17: 576–82.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  20. ↵
    Kambam JR, Handte RE, Brown WU, Smith BE. Effect of normal and preeclamptic pregnancies on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. Anesthesiology 1986; 65: 426–7.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  21. ↵
    Joel-Cohen SJ, Schoenfeld A. Fetal response to periodic sleep apnea: a new syndrome in obstetrics. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1978; 8: 77–81.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  22. ↵
    Charbonneau M, Falcone T, Cosio MG, Levy RD. Obstructive sleep apnea during pregnancy. Therapy and implications for fetal health. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 461–3.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  23. ↵
    Sherer DM, Caverly CB, Abramowicz JS. Severe obstructive sleep apnea and associated snoring documented during external tocography. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 165(5 Pt 1): 1300–1.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  24. ↵
    Franklin KA, Holmgren PA, Jonsson F, Poromaa N, Stenlund H, Svanborg E. Snoring, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and growth retardation of the fetus. Chest 2000; 117: 137–41.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  25. ↵
    Pien GW, Fife D, Pack AI, Nkwuo JE, Schwab RJ. Changes in symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing during pregnancy. Sleep 2005; 28: 1299–305.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  26. ↵
    Crocker BD, Olson LG, Saunders NA, et al. Estimation of the probability of disturbed breathing during sleep before a sleep study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 14–8.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  27. ↵
    Kump K, Whalen C, Tishler PV, et al. Assessment of the validity and utility of a sleep-symptom questionnaire. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: 735–41.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  28. ↵
    Loube DI, Poceta JS, Morales MC, Peacock MD, Mitler MM. Self-reported snoring in pregnancy. Association with fetal outcome. Chest 1996; 109: 885–9.
    OpenUrl
  29. Nikkola E, Ekblad U, Ekholm E, Mikola H, Polo O. Sleep in multiple pregnancy: breathing patterns, oxygenation, and periodic leg movements. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 174: 1622–5.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  30. Maasilta P, Bachour A, Teramo K, Polo O, Laitinen LA. Sleep-related disordered breathing during pregnancy in obese women. Chest 2001; 120: 1448–54.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  31. ↵
    Guilleminault C, Kreutzer M, Chang JL. Pregnancy, sleep disordered breathing and treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Sleep Med 2004; 5: 43–51.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  32. ↵
    Edwards N, Blyton DM, Hennessy A, Sullivan CE. Severity of sleep-disordered breathing improves following parturition. Sleep 2005; 28: 737–41.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  33. Izci B, Martin SE, Dundas KC, Liston WA, Calder AA, Douglas NJ. Sleep complaints: snoring and daytime sleepiness in pregnant and pre-eclamptic women. Sleep Med 2005; 6: 163–9.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  34. ↵
    Guilleminault C, Palombini L, Poyares D, Takaoka S, Huynh NT, El-Sayed Y. Pre-eclampsia and nasal CPAP: part 1. Early intervention with nasal CPAP in pregnant women with risk-factors for pre-eclampsia: preliminary findings. Sleep Med 2007; 9: 9–14.
    OpenUrl
  35. ↵
    Sahin FK, Koken G, Cosar E, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy and fetal outcome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2008; 100: 141–6.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  36. ↵
    Edwards N, Blyton DM, Kirjavainen T, Kesby GJ, Sullivan CE. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure reduces sleep-induced blood pressure increments in preeclampsia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 252–7.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  37. Guilleminault C, Querra-Salva M, Chowdhuri S, Poyares D. Normal pregnancy, daytime sleeping, snoring and blood pressure. Sleep Med 2000; 1: 289–97.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  38. ↵
    Connolly G, Razak AR, Hayanga A, Russell A, McKenna P, McNicholas WT. Inspiratory flow limitation during sleep in pre-eclampsia: comparison with normal pregnant and nonpregnant women. Eur Respir J 2001; 18: 672–6.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  39. ↵
    Edwards N, Blyton DM, Kirjavainen TT, Sullivan CE. Hemodynamic responses to obstructive respiratory events during sleep are augmented in women with preeclampsia. Am J Hypertens 2001; 14(11 Pt 1): 1090–5.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  40. ↵
    Yinon D, Lowenstein L, Suraya S, et al. Preeclampsia is associated with sleep-disordered breathing and endothelial dysfunction. Eur Respir J 2006; 27: 328–33.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  41. ↵
    Poyares D, Guilleminault C, Hachul H, et al. Pre-eclampsia and nasal CPAP: part 2. Hypertension during pregnancy, chronic snoring, and early nasal CPAP intervention. Sleep Med 2007; 9: 15–21.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  42. ↵
    Schoenfeld A, Ovadia Y, Neri A, Freedman S. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)-implications in maternal-fetal medicine. A hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 1989; 30: 51–4.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  43. ↵
    Lefcourt LA, Rodis JF. Obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1996; 51: 503–6.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  44. ↵
    Roush SF, Bell L. Obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy. J Am Board Fam Pract 2004; 17: 292–4.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  45. ↵
    Brain KA, Thornton JG, Sarkar A, Johnson AO. Obstructive sleep apnoea and fetal death: successful treatment with continuous positive airway pressure. BJOG 2001; 108: 543–4.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  46. ↵
    Lewis DF, Chesson AL, Edwards MS, Weeks JW, Adair CD. Obstructive sleep apnea during pregnancy resulting in pulmonary hypertension. South Med J 1998; 91: 761–2.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  47. ↵
    Hastie SJ, Prowse K, Perks WH, Atkins J, Blunt VA. Obstructive sleep apnoea during pregnancy requiring tracheostomy. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1989; 29(3 Pt 2): 365–7.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  48. ↵
    Conti M, Izzo V, Muggiasca ML, Tiengo M. Sleep apnoea syndrome in pregnancy: a case report. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1988; 5: 151–4.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  49. ↵
    Kowall J, Clark G, Nino-Murcia G, Powell N. Precipitation of obstructive sleep apnea during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1989; 74(3 Pt 2): 453–5.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  50. ↵
    Youssef HF, Dombrovskiy VY, Santiago TV, Nolledo MS. Sleep apnea is associated with gestational diabetes mellitus and pregnancy-induced hypertension [abstract] Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175: A996.
    OpenUrl
  51. ↵
    Pien GW, Schwab RJ. Sleep disorders during pregnancy. Sleep 2004; 27: 1405–17.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  52. ↵
    Dekker GA, Sibai BM. Etiology and pathogenesis of preeclampsia: current concepts. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179: 1359–75.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  53. ↵
    Beilin LJ, Deacon J, Michael CA, et al. Diurnal rhythms of blood pressure, plasma renin activity, angiotensin II and catecholamines in normotensive and hypertensive pregnancies. Clin Exp Hypertens B 1983; 2: 271–93.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  54. ↵
    Redman CW, Beilin LJ, Bonnar J. Reversed diurnal blood pressure rhythm in hypertensive pregnancies. Clin Sci Mol Med Suppl 1976; 3: 687S–689S.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  55. ↵
    Loredo JS, Ancoli-Israel S, Dimsdale JE. Sleep quality and blood pressure dipping in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Hypertens 2001; 14(9 Pt 1): 887–92.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  56. Hoffstein V, Mateika J. Evening-to-morning blood pressure variations in snoring patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 1992; 101: 379–84.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  57. Suzuki M, Guilleminault C, Otsuka K, Shiomi T. Blood pressure “dipping” and “non-dipping” in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients. Sleep 1996; 19: 382–7.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  58. ↵
    Feinsilver SH, Hertz G. Respiration during sleep in pregnancy. Clin Chest Med 1992; 13: 637–44.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  59. ↵
    Gordon M, Niswander KR, Berendes H, Kantor AG. Fetal morbidity following potentially anoxigenic obstetric conditions. VII. Bronchial asthma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1970; 106: 421–9.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  60. ↵
    Santiago JR, Nolledo MS, Kinzler W, Santiago TV. Sleep and sleep disorders in pregnancy. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134: 396–408.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  61. ↵
    Gozal D, Gozal E, Reeves SR, Lipton AJ. Gasping and autoresuscitation in the developing rat: effect of antecedent intermittent hypoxia. J Appl Physiol 2002; 92: 1141–4.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  62. Schwartz JE, Kovach A, Meyer J, McConnell C, Iwamoto HS. Brief, intermittent hypoxia restricts fetal growth in Sprague-Dawley rats. Biol Neonate 1998; 73: 313–9.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  63. Gozal D, Reeves SR, Row BW, Neville JJ, Guo SZ, Lipton AJ. Respiratory effects of gestational intermittent hypoxia in the developing rat. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167: 1540–7.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  64. ↵
    Kushida CA, Littner MR, Hirshkowitz M, et al. Practice parameters for the use of continuous and bilevel positive airway pressure devices to treat adult patients with sleep-related breathing disorders. Sleep 2006; 29: 375–80.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  65. ↵
    Leech JA, Ascah KJ. Hemodynamic effects of nasal CPAP examined by Doppler echocardiography. Chest 1991; 99: 323–6.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  66. ↵
    Blyton DM, Sullivan CE, Edwards N. Reduced nocturnal cardiac output associated with preeclampsia is minimized with the use of nocturnal nasal CPAP. Sleep 2004; 27: 79–84.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  67. ↵
    Janson C, Gislason T, Bengtsson H, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with obstructive sleep apnea treated with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997; 123: 257–62.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  68. ↵
    Sher AE, Schechtman KB, Piccirillo JF. The efficacy of surgical modifications of the upper airway in adults with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep 1996; 19: 156–77.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  69. ↵
    Fletcher EC, Munafo DA. Role of nocturnal oxygen therapy in obstructive sleep apnea. When should it be used? Chest 1990; 98: 1497–504.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  70. ↵
    Morgenthaler TI, Kapen S, Lee-Chiong T, et al. Practice parameters for the medical therapy of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 2006; 29: 1031–5.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine: 22 (2)
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
Vol. 22, Issue 2
March-April 2009
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
  • Cover (PDF)
  • Index by author
  • Back Matter (PDF)
  • Front Matter (PDF)
Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on American Board of Family Medicine.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Sleep-Disordered Breathing During Pregnancy
(Your Name) has sent you a message from American Board of Family Medicine
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the American Board of Family Medicine web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
9 + 6 =
Solve this simple math problem and enter the result. E.g. for 1+3, enter 4.
Citation Tools
Sleep-Disordered Breathing During Pregnancy
Chakradhar Venkata, Saiprakash B. Venkateshiah
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Mar 2009, 22 (2) 158-168; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2009.02.080057

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Sleep-Disordered Breathing During Pregnancy
Chakradhar Venkata, Saiprakash B. Venkateshiah
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Mar 2009, 22 (2) 158-168; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2009.02.080057
Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Effect of Pregnancy on Sleep-Disordered Breathing
    • Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Pregnant Women
    • Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
    • Evaluation of OSA During Pregnancy
    • Treatment of OSA During Pregnancy
    • Postpartum Management
    • Conclusions
    • Notes
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • Ketamine decreases inflammatory and immune pathways after transient hypoxia in late gestation fetal cerebral cortex
  • Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A meta-analysis of 9,795 participants enrolled in epidemiological observational studies
  • Women's Physical Health, Mental Health, and Practical Hints for Common Practice Issues
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Interpretating Normal Values and Reference Ranges for Laboratory Tests
  • Non-Surgical Management of Urinary Incontinence
  • Screening and Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes in Sickle Cell Disease
Show more Clinical Reviews

Similar Articles

Navigate

  • Home
  • Current Issue
  • Past Issues

Authors & Reviewers

  • Info For Authors
  • Info For Reviewers
  • Submit A Manuscript/Review

Other Services

  • Get Email Alerts
  • Classifieds
  • Reprints and Permissions

Other Resources

  • Forms
  • Contact Us
  • ABFM News

© 2025 American Board of Family Medicine

Powered by HighWire