Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1.
United States Population Estimates, Sample Number, and Percentages (Standard Error) of Various Demographic and Access to Care Characteristics for Each Ethnic Population*
Non-Latino White Non-Latino Black Mexican Puerto Rican Other Latino All Races χ2P Latinos Only χ2P United States population estimate 9,790,959 2,124,369 963,740 282,473 310,046 Unweighted sample (n) 1,345 418 227 60 86 Acculturation (% [SE]) Interview conducted in English 99.8% 100.0% 57.2% 66.4% 49.5% <.001 .221 (0.11) (0.0) (3.61) (6.28) (7.30) Born in United States 95.7% 92.7% 49.0% 31.3% 25.1% <.001 .002 (0.66) (1.70) (3.64) (7.25) (7.16) US citizen 98.4% 97.5% 65.4% 100.0% 75.56% <.001 <.001 (0.47) (0.77) (3.39) (0.00) (5.25) ≥15 years in US (if not US born) 71.6% 82.9% 77.5% 82.5% 82.2% .757 .770 (8.19) (5.60) (5.26) (6.34) (5.00) Social demographics (% [SE]) Age (≥45 years) 87.4 (1.15) 81.2 (2.24) 74.0 (3.06) 80.3 (5.95) 86.4 (4.23) .001 .074 Male 51.0 (1.64) 43.7 (2.91) 51.0 (3.79) 50.2 (6.76) 47.0 (5.91) .305 .853 Annual family income ≥$20,000 76.1 (1.29) 58.9 (3.10) 60.4 (3.65) 60.3 (6.68) 46.7 (7.12) <.001 .227 Education: high school grad or less (no college) 52.9 (1.54) 63.2 (3.10) 73.1 (3.91) 76.9 (6.45) 66.0 (7.32) <.001 .533 BMI ≥ 30 51.7 (1.61) 58.1 (2.77) 47.5 (3.83) 50.5 (6.31) 48.3 (6.78) .194 .923 Access to health care (% [SE]) Have health insurance 93.8 (0.84) 92.1 (1.31) 74.0% (3.15) 83.2 (6.16) 84.3 (4.53) <.001 .117 Have usual place for care when sick 97.2 (0.56) 96.7 (1.04) 90.9 (2.31) 87.7 (5.29) 91.3 (4.06) .034 .851 Never had to delay care 90.8 (0.87) 89.9 (1.64) 82.4 (2.55) 92.0 (3.46) 94.7 (2.36) .012 .005 Among people who had delayed care, lack of money was not a reason 57.2 (5.09) 47.3 (9.27) 43.1 (7.16) 48.3† (21.6) 84.7 (14.4) .279 .223 Had a physicians office visit during past year 96.8 (0.65) 96.8 (0.92) 93.4 (1.87) 94.2 (2.91) 92.4 (3.40) .398 .914 No overnight hospital stays during past year 76.0 (1.46) 72.8 (2.51) 87.3 (2.37) 80.8 (4.54) 77.7 (5.64) .003 .167 * χ2 P values are calculated across all ethnic groups and among Latino groups only (Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Other Latinos).
† Estimate should be used with caution because there are fewer than 30 people in the cell and thus it does not meet the standard of reliability or precision.
BMI, body mass index; SE, standard error.
Non-Latino White Non-Latino Black Mexican Puerto Rican Other Latino All Races χ2P Latinos Only χ2P Seeing one doctor for diabetes care 84.6 (1.17) 85.4 (1.88) 77.4 (3.15) 89.5 (4.27) 73.0 (5.12) .042 .046 Seen a nurse/dietician in past year 42.1 (1.57) 51.9 (2.92) 49.4 (4.42) 49.1 (7.20) 36.1 (6.17) .018 .228 Does not check blood glucose at least 1 time per day 63.9 (2.05) 69.7 (3.89) 67.0 (5.85) 69.6 (8.45) 85.30 (7.72) .181 .198 Checks feet for sores 1 or more times per week 76.9 (1.33) 78.2 (2.30) 74.8 (3.18) 68.0 (8.24) 78.19 (4.98) .740 .555 Has not heard of HbA1c 58.7 (1.70) 65.5 (2.75) 75.8 (3.70) 63.6 (6.84) 76.5 (5.34) <.001 .289 Doctor checked feet for ulcers during past year 68.8 (1.42) 80.4 (2.14) 68.5 (3.28) 77.3 (5.95) 63.1 (5.12) <.001 .229 Had exam for retinopathy during past year 65.5 (1.52) 70.8 (2.97) 54.7 (4.02) 67.2 (6.61) 67.9 (6.63) .028 .089 Had cholesterol check during past year 81.7 (1.20) 79.2 (2.39) 72.8 (3.74) 66.7 (8.34) 78.0 (5.26) .089 .510 Had blood pressure check during past year 94.2 (0.87) 92.8 (1.42) 85.3 (2.46) 91.7 (3.80) 90.8 (3.44) .034 .203 * Data shown as % (standard error). χ2 P values are calculated across all ethnic groups and among Latino groups only (Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Other Latinos).
HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin.
- Table 3.
Unadjusted Logistic Regression Models Calculating the Relative Likelihood of a Latino Having One Doctor for Diabetes Care, Knowing About Glycosylated Hemoglobin, or Having Had an Exam for Retinopathy Within the Previous Year
Has Only One Doctor Knows About HbA1c Retinopathy Examination Latino group Mexican 0.40 (0.15 to 1.08) 0.56 (0.28 to 1.12) 0.59 (0.30 to 1.15) Puerto Rican 1.0 1.0 1.0 Other 0.32 (0.11 to 0.89) 0.54 (0.25 to 1.17) 1.03 (0.44 to 2.39) College education No 1.0 1.0 1.0 Yes 1.17 (0.89 to 1.56) 2.38 (1.93 to 2.93) 1.42 (1.13 to 1.79) Health insurance No 1.0 1.0 1.0 Yes 2.70 (1.82 to 3.99) 1.77 (1.13 to 2.76) 3.40 (2.31 to 5.01) Usual place for care No 1.0 1.0 1.0 Yes 11.26 (6.12 to 20.73) 1.18 (0.63 to 2.19) 3.09 (1.68 to 5.66) Interview language English 1.0 1.0 1.0 Spanish 0.51 (0.33 to 0.80) 0.36 (0.24 to 0.54) 0.63 (0.44 to 0.91) Data shown as odds ratio (95% confidence interval).
HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin.
- Table 4.
Adjusted Logistic Regression Models Calculating the Relative Likelihood of a Latino Having Only One Doctor for Diabetes Care, Knowing About Glycosylated Hemoglobin, or Having had an Exam for Retinopathy Within the Previous Year
Has Only One Doctor for Diabetes Care Knows About HbA1c Retinopathy Examination Latino group Mexican 0.24 (0.07 to 0.85) 0.39 (0.18 to 0.84) 0.77 (0.35 to 1.67) Puerto Rican 1.0 1.0 1.0 Other 0.15 (0.04 to 0.58) 0.50 (0.21 to 1.19) 1.07 (0.42 to 2.70) College education No 1.0 1.0 1.0 Yes 1.19 (0.47 to 3.02) 2.68 (1.35 to 5.34) 0.76 (0.37 to 1.54) Health insurance No 1.0 1.0 1.0 Yes 1.40 (0.50 to 3.95) 1.65 (0.75 to 3.66) 2.12 (1.10 to 4.10) Usual place for care No 1.0 1.0 1.0 Yes 8.88 (2.73 to 28.89) 1.09 (0.28 to 4.21) 1.12 (0.44 to 2.83) Interview language English 1.0 1.0 1.0 Spanish 0.51 (0.23 to 1.13) 1.01 (0.43 to 2.35) 0.41 (0.19 to 0.88) All models were also adjusted for sex, age, family income, and immigrant status, which were not significant predictors in the full models. Data shown as odds ratio (95% confidence interval). HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin.
