Article Figures & Data
Figures
- APPENDIX A:
Questions used to Screen Primary Care Patients for Sleep Disorders
Tables
- Table 1.
Demographic and Health Characteristics of Primary Care Patients Studied (N = 1934)
Characteristic Overall Age <65 (n = 1481) Age ≥65 (n = 424) P (for Age Comparison) % Mean (SD) % Mean (SD) % Mean (SD) Age (years) 50.1 (18.1) 77.7 42.8 (12.9) 22.3 75.6 (7.0) Gender (% female) 67.7 67.7 67.2 .851 Race .001 African-American 30.0 30.7 29.1 White 58.1 56.6 69.9 Latino 9.2 11.7 0.5 Other 2.7 1.0 0.5 Marital status .001 Married/living with partner 59.2 54.8 50.1 Separated/divorced 14.6 16.6 7.6 Widowed 11.8 4.0 38.6 Never married 14.4 17.9 3.2 Education .001 Less than 8th grade 9.9 8.1 14.9 Some high school 11.2 9.7 16.4 High school graduate 28.4 29.2 26.2 Some college or more 50.5 53.0 42.5 Self-reported health status (fair/poor) 31.5 30.5 35.6 .045 Body mass index 29.3 (7.1) 29.8 (7.2) 27.6 (6.3) .001 Heart disease 11.8 6.6 29.5 .001 High blood pressure 44.2 39.9 69.1 .001 Lung disease 5.4 4.3 9.0 .001 Stroke 5.9 4.1 12.5 .001 Depression 29.1 31.5 21.0 .001 Chronic back pain 24.6 25.0 23.6 .556 Cancer 5.6 3.1 14.6 .001 Diabetes 17.8 15.1 28.1 .001 Arthritis 33.3 27.0 55.7 .001 Joint pain, stiffness, or aching (last 30 days) 54.1 50.2 68.7 .001 Smoke at least 1 cigarette per day 21.6 25.3 8.0 .001 Physical health (days not good) 6.0 (9.0) 5.9 (8.9) 6.2 (9.3) .637 Mental health (days not good) 5.3 (9.1) 5.8 (9.4) 3.6 (8.0) .001 Mental or physical health limited usual activities (days) 3.8 (8.0) 3.6 (7.7) 4.5 (8.9) .096 Overall <65 Years Old (n = 1481) ≥65 Years Old (n = 424) P (for Age Comparison) n % n % n % During the day Feels sleepy ≥ once a week doing daily activities 1070 55.4 820 55.4 238 56.3 .743 Dozes off ≥ once a week doing daily activities 718 37.1 525 35.5 187 44.2 .001 At night Legs fell unpleasant, tingling, creeping, restless ≥ once a week 544 28.2 417 28.2 122 28.9 .780 Snores loudly ≥ once a week 638 33.0 513 34.7 119 28.2 .013 Reports stopping breathing or gasping for breath during sleep 262 13.6 220 14.9 39 9.2 .003 Wakes ≥3 times 664 34.4 527 35.6 129 30.5 .051 - Table 3.
Spearman Correlation Coefficients (and P values) between the Sleep Screening Items
Item 2. Dozing off during daily activities 3. Tingling, creeping, or restless feelings in legs while trying to sleep 4. Snoring loudly at night 5. Stopping breathing or gasping for breath during sleep 6. Number of awakenings during a typical night 7. Overall sleep quality during the previous month 1. Feeling sleepy during daily activities .604 .261 .227 .148 .207 .252 <.001 <.001 <.0001 <.001 <.001 <.001 2. Dozing off during daily activities — .210 .212 .141 .158 .156 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 3. Tingling, creeping, or restless feelings in your legs while trying to sleep — — .206 .232 .357 .353 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 4. Snoring loudly at night — — — .350 .192 .166 <.001 <.001 <.001 5. Stopping breathing or gasping for breath during sleep — — — — .254 .238 <.001 <.001 6. Number of awakenings during a typical night — — — — — .510 <.001 - Table 4.
Risk Odds Ratio Between Demographic and Health Status Variables and Sleep Disorder Symptoms among Primary Care Patients (n = 1934)
Variables Sleep Disorder Symptoms Sleepy during Daily Activities Dozes Off during Daily Activities Symptoms Suggesting Restless Leg Syndrome Loud Snoring Stops Breathing or Gasps for Breath Awakens ≥3 Times per Night Demographic Age ≥65 1.03 1.44§ 1.03 0.74† 0.58‡ 0.79† Female gender 1.06 1.00 1.21 0.54§ 0.69‡ 1.28† African-American (vs white) 0.89 1.12 0.93 1.13 1.00 1.16 Latino (vs white) 0.53§ 0.49§ 0.46§ 0.53§ 1.20 0.82 Married, living with partner* 0.84 0.89 0.87 1.52§ 1.04 0.79† Education ≤ high school* 0.98† 0.80† 0.63§ 1.00 0.94 0.55§ Health status Fair or poor self-reported health 1.39§ 1.4§ 3.02§ 1.40§ 2.35§ 2.78§ Body mass index ≥30* 1.05 1.16 1.23† 2.18§ 2.2§ 1.32‡ Health problems during past 10 years* Heart disease 1.45‡ 1.81§ 2.06§ 1.23 1.36 1.57‡ High blood pressure 1.21† 1.61§ 1.35‡ 1.61§ 1.62§ 1.60§ Lung disease 1.79‡ 1.42 2.24§ 1.49† 2.94§ 2.34§ Stroke 1.30 2.20§ 2.73§ 1.37 1.88‡ 1.59† Depression 2.08§ 1.53§ 2.84§ 1.46§ 2.22§ 2.66§ Chronic back pain 1.73§ 1.65§ 2.72§ 1.40‡ 1.85‡ 2.19§ Cancer 1.11 1.30 1.45 1.09 1.37 1.48† Diabetes 1.24 1.60§ 1.95§ 1.57§ 0.92 1.27† Arthritis or related conditions 1.71§ 1.97§ 2.66§ 1.52§ 1.84§ 2.20§ Joint pain, stiffness, or aching in previous 30 days 1.86 2.00§ 3.59§ 1.44§ 1.97§ 2.16§ Current smoker 1.31† 0.95 1.87§ 1.39‡ 1.78§ 1.48§ Physical health “not good” ≥6 days in previous month 1.86§ 1.69§ 3.44§ 1.42‡ 2.43§ 2.67§ Mental health “not good” ≥6 days in previous month 2.00§ 1.58§ 3.86§ 1.51§ 2.31§ 3.02§ ≥4 days of limited activity in prior month due to physical or mental health problem 2.10§ 2.05§ 3.88§ 1.39‡ 2.01§ 2.22§ * Adjusted for age, race (African-American vs other), and sex.
† P ≤ .05.
‡ P ≤ .01.
§ P ≤ .001.
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