Skip to main content

Main menu

  • HOME
  • ARTICLES
    • Current Issue
    • Abstracts In Press
    • Archives
    • Special Issue Archive
    • Subject Collections
  • INFO FOR
    • Authors
    • Reviewers
    • Call For Papers
    • Subscribers
    • Advertisers
  • SUBMIT
    • Manuscript
    • Peer Review
  • ABOUT
    • The JABFM
    • The Editing Fellowship
    • Editorial Board
    • Indexing
    • Editors' Blog
  • CLASSIFIEDS
  • Other Publications
    • abfm

User menu

Search

  • Advanced search
American Board of Family Medicine
  • Other Publications
    • abfm
American Board of Family Medicine

American Board of Family Medicine

Advanced Search

  • HOME
  • ARTICLES
    • Current Issue
    • Abstracts In Press
    • Archives
    • Special Issue Archive
    • Subject Collections
  • INFO FOR
    • Authors
    • Reviewers
    • Call For Papers
    • Subscribers
    • Advertisers
  • SUBMIT
    • Manuscript
    • Peer Review
  • ABOUT
    • The JABFM
    • The Editing Fellowship
    • Editorial Board
    • Indexing
    • Editors' Blog
  • CLASSIFIEDS
  • JABFM on Bluesky
  • JABFM On Facebook
  • JABFM On Twitter
  • JABFM On YouTube
Research ArticleOriginal Research

The Influence of Race and Gender on Family Physicians’ Annual Incomes

William B. Weeks and Amy Wallace
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine November 2006, 19 (6) 548-556; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.19.6.548
William B. Weeks
MD, MBA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Amy Wallace
MD, MPH
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

References

  1. ↵
    Langwell KM. Differences by sex in economic returns associated with physician specialization. J Health Polit Policy Law 1982; 6: 752–61.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  2. ↵
    Ogle KS, Henry RC, Durda K, Zivick JD. Gender-specific differences in family practice graduates. J Fam Pract 1986; 23: 357–60.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  3. ↵
    Ohsfeldt RL, Culler SD. Differences in income between male and female physicians. J Health Econ 1986; 5: 335–46.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  4. Carr P, Friedman R, Moskowitz M, et al. Research, academic rank, and compensation of women and men faculty in academic general internal medicine. J Gen Intern Med 1992; 7: 418–23.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  5. Baker L. Differences in earnings between male and female physicians. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 960–4.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  6. Wallace AE, Weeks WB. Differences in income between male and female primary care physicians. J Am Med Womens Assoc 2002; 57: 180–4.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  7. ↵
    Ness R, Ukoli F, Hunt S, et al. Salary equity among male and female internists in Pennsylvania. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133: 104–10.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  8. ↵
    Thompson T. Selected characteristics of black physicians in the United States, 1972. JAMA 1974; 229: 1758–61.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  9. ↵
    Gray LC. The geographic and functional distribution of black physicians: some research and policy considerations. Am J Public Health 1977; 67: 519–26.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  10. ↵
    Health, United States. 2004. National Center for Health Statistics: Hyattsville, MD, 2004.
  11. ↵
    AAMC Data Book: Statistical information related to medical schools and teaching hospitals. Washington, DC: The Association of American Medical Colleges, 2000.
  12. ↵
    Brotherton SE, Rockey PH, Etzel SI. US graduate medical education, 2004–2005. JAMA 2005 294: 1075–82.
  13. ↵
    Pasko T, Seidman B, Birkhead S. Physician Characteristics and Distribution in the US: 2000–2001 Edition, ed. Division of Survey and Data Resources. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 2000.
  14. ↵
    Corbie-Smith G, Frank E, Nickens H. The intersection of race, gender, and primary care: results from the Women Physicians’ Health Study. J Natl Med Assoc 2000; 92: 472–80.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  15. ↵
    Komaromy M, Grumbach K, Drake M, et al. The role of black and Hispanic physicians in providing health care for underserved populations. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1305–10.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  16. ↵
    Xu G, Fields SK, Laine C, et al. The relationship between the race/ethnicity of generalist physicians and their care for underserved populations. Am J Public Health 1997; 87: 817–22.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  17. ↵
    Moy E, Bartman BA. Physician race and care of minority and medically indigent patients. JAMA 1995; 273: 1515–20.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  18. ↵
    Gonzalez M, ed. Physician Marketplace Statistics, 1992. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, Center for Health Policy Research, 1992.
  19. Gonzalez M, ed. Physician Marketplace Statistics, 1993. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, Center for Health Policy Research, 1993.
  20. Gonzalez M, ed. Physician Marketplace Statistics, 1994. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, Center for Health Policy Research, 1994.
  21. Gonzalez M, ed. Physician Marketplace Statistics, 1995. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, Center for Health Policy Research, 1996.
  22. Gonzalez M, ed. Physician Marketplace Statistics, 1996. Chicago, IL:American Medical Association, Center for Health Policy Research, 1997.
  23. Gonzalez M, ed. Physician Marketplace Statistics, 1997/1998. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, Center for Health Policy Research, 1998.
  24. Zhang P, Thran S. Physician Socioeconomic Statistics, 1999–2000. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association Center for Health Policy Research, 1999.
  25. ↵
    Wassenaar J, Thran S. Physician Socioeconomic Statistics, 2000–2002. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association Center for Health Policy Research, 2001.
  26. ↵
    AMA Physician Masterfile. Available at www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/2673.html, American Medical Association: Chicago, IL.
  27. ↵
    Weeks WB, Wallace AE. Time and money: a retrospective evaluation of the inputs, outputs, efficiency, and incomes of physicians. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 944–8.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  28. ↵
    Conrad DA, Maynard C, Cheadle A, et al. Primary care physician compensation method in medical groups: does it influence the use and cost of health services for enrollees in managed care organizations? JAMA 1998; 279: 853–8.
    OpenUrl
  29. ↵
    Polackek SW, Siebert WS, The Economics of Earnings. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
  30. ↵
    Weeks WB, Wallace AE, Wallace MM, Welch HG. A comparison of educational costs and incomes of physicians and other professionals. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1280–6.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  31. ↵
    Weeks WB, Wallace AE. The more things change: revisiting a comparison of educational costs and incomes of physicians and other professionals. Acad Med 2002; 77: 312–9.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  32. ↵
    Becker ER, Culler S, Ohsfeldt R. Impact of board certification on physician practice characteristics. J Med Educ 1985; 60: 9–15.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  33. ↵
    Weil TP. Attracting qualified physicians to underserved areas. Part 2. Pay physicians more to practice in underserved areas. Physician Exec 1999; 25: 53–63.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  34. ↵
    Reschovsky JD, Staiti AB. Physician incomes in rural and urban America. Issue Brief/Center for Studying Health System Change 2005; 92: 1–4.
    OpenUrl
  35. ↵
    Consumer price index. Available at www.bls.gov/cpi/. Washington, DC: US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006.
  36. ↵
    Bredfeldt RC, Sutherland JE, Wesley RM. Obstetrics in family medicine: effects on physician work load, income, and age of practice population. Fam Med 1989; 21: 279–82.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  37. ↵
    Pham HH, Schrag D, Hargraves JL, Bach PB. Delivery of preventive services to older adults by primary care physicians. JAMA 2005; 294: 473–81.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  38. Turner BJ, Amsel Z, Lustbader E, et al. Breast cancer screening: effect of physician specialty, practice setting, year of graduation, and sex. Am J Prev Med 1992; 8: 78–85.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  39. Frank E, Singh SR, Personal and practice-related characteristics of a subsample of US women dermatologists: data from the Women Physicians’ Health Study. Int J Dermatol 2001; 40: 393–400.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  40. ↵
    Bertakis KD, Franks P, and Azari R. Effects of physician gender on patient satisfaction. Jn Am Med Womens Assoc 2003; 58: 69–75.
    OpenUrl
  41. Kreuter MW, Strecher VJ, Harris R, et al. Are patients of women physicians screened more aggressively? A prospective study of physician gender and screening. J Gen Intern Med 1995; 10: 119–25.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  42. Frank E, Harvey LK. Prevention advice rates of women and men physicians. Arch Fam Med 1996; 5: 215–19.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  43. ↵
    Weisman CS. Women and their health care providers: a matter of communication. In: Communication between women and their health care providers: research findings and unanswered questions. Bethesda, MD: National Conference on Women’s Health, 1986.
  44. ↵
    Roter DL, M. Korsgaard,. A. Sex differences in patients’ and physicians’ communication during primary care medical visits. Med Care 1991; 29: 1083–93.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  45. ↵
    Maheux B, Dufort F, Beland F, et al. Female medical practitioners. More preventive and patient oriented? Med Care 1990; 28: 87–92.
    OpenUrl
  46. ↵
    Mishel L, Bernstein J, and Schmitt J. The State of Working America, 2000–2001. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2001.
  47. ↵
    Berwick DM. A user’s manual for the IOM’s Quality Chasm report. Health Aff 2002; 21: 80–90.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  48. ↵
    Weeks WB and Wallace AE. Long-term financial implications of specialty training for physicians. Am J Med 2002; 13: 393–9.
    OpenUrl
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine: 19 (6)
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
Vol. 19, Issue 6
November-December 2006
  • Table of Contents
  • Index by author
Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on American Board of Family Medicine.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
The Influence of Race and Gender on Family Physicians’ Annual Incomes
(Your Name) has sent you a message from American Board of Family Medicine
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the American Board of Family Medicine web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
2 + 0 =
Solve this simple math problem and enter the result. E.g. for 1+3, enter 4.
Citation Tools
The Influence of Race and Gender on Family Physicians’ Annual Incomes
William B. Weeks, Amy Wallace
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Nov 2006, 19 (6) 548-556; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.19.6.548

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
The Influence of Race and Gender on Family Physicians’ Annual Incomes
William B. Weeks, Amy Wallace
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Nov 2006, 19 (6) 548-556; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.19.6.548
Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Notes
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • Early-Career Compensation Trends Among Family Physicians
  • The Gender Pay Gap in Family Medicine: Evidence and Next Steps
  • Equal work for unequal pay: the gender reimbursement gap for healthcare providers in the United States
  • Differences in incomes of physicians in the United States by race and sex: observational study
  • Career Plans of Current Orthopaedic Residents with a Focus on Sex-Based and Generational Differences
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Identifying and Addressing Social Determinants of Health with an Electronic Health Record
  • Integrating Adverse Childhood Experiences and Social Risks Screening in Adult Primary Care
  • A Pilot Comparison of Clinical Data Collection Methods Using Paper, Electronic Health Record Prompt, and a Smartphone Application
Show more Original Research

Similar Articles

Navigate

  • Home
  • Current Issue
  • Past Issues

Authors & Reviewers

  • Info For Authors
  • Info For Reviewers
  • Submit A Manuscript/Review

Other Services

  • Get Email Alerts
  • Classifieds
  • Reprints and Permissions

Other Resources

  • Forms
  • Contact Us
  • ABFM News

© 2025 American Board of Family Medicine

Powered by HighWire