OtherEthics Feature

The Proliferation of Clinical Practice Guidelines: Professional Development or Medicine-by-Numbers?

Stephen J. Genuis
The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice September 2005, 18 (5) 419-425; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.18.5.419

References

  1. ↵
    Meyer VF. The medicalization of menopause: critique and consequences. Int J Health Services 2001; 31: 769–92.
    OpenUrl
  2. ↵
    Reuben D. Everything you always wanted to know about sex. New York: David McKay Company, Inc., 1969.
  3. ↵
    Wilson RA. Feminine forever. New York: M. Evans and Company, 1966.
  4. ↵
    Grodstein F, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ. A prospective, observational study of postmenopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133: 933–41.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  5. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. JAMA 1995; 273: 199–208.
    OpenUrl
  6. Col NF, Eckman MH, Karas RH, et al. Patient-specific decisions about hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1997; 277: 1140–7.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  7. Stefanick ML. Estrogen, progestogens and cardiovascular risk. J Reprod Med 1999; 44: 221–6.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  8. Paganini-Hill A, Henderson VW. Estrogen deficiency and risk of Alzheimer’s disease in women. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 140: 256–61.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  9. ↵
    Greenhalgh T. How to read a paper. Getting your bearings (deciding what the paper is about). BMJ 1997; 315: 243–6.
    OpenUrl
  10. ↵
    Yusuf S, Anand S. Hormone replacement therapy: a time for pause. CMAJ 2002; 167: 357–9.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  11. ↵
    Bergkvist L, Adami HO, Persson I, Hoover R, Schairer C. The risk of breast cancer after estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 293–7.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  12. ↵
    National Women’s Health Network. The truth about hormone replacement therapy. Roseville (CA): Prima Publishing; 2002.
  13. Troisi RJ, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Trichopoulos D, Rosner B. Menopause, postmenopausal estrogen preparations, and the risk of adult-onset asthma: a prospective cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 1183–8.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  14. Lankish PG, Droge M, Gottesleben F. Drug induced acute pancreatitis: incidence and severity. Gut 1995; 37: 565–7.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  15. LeResche L, Saunders K, Von Korff MR, Barlow W, Dworkin SF. Use of exogenous hormones and risk of temporomandibular disorder pain. Pain 1997; 69: 153–60.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  16. Meier CR, Sturkenboom MC, Cohen AS, Jick H. Postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus or discoid lupus. J Rheumatol 1998; 25: 1515–9.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  17. Mitka M. New advice for women patients about hormone therapy and the heart. JAMA 2001; 286: 907.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  18. ↵
    Chen CL, Weiss NS, Newcomb P, Barlow W, White E. Hormone replacement therapy in relation to breast cancer. JAMA 2002; 287: 734–41.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  19. Mamdani M, Tu K, van Walraven C, Austin PC, Naylor CD. Postmenopausal estrogen replacement and increased rates of cholecystectomy and appendectomy. CMAJ 2000; 162: 1421–4.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  20. ↵
    National Guideline Clearinghouse 2005. [accessed 4 February 2005]. Available at: http://www.guideline.gov/.
  21. Primary Care Clinical Practice Guidelines 2005. [accessed 4 February 2005]. Available at: http://medicine.ucsf.edu/resources/guidelines/.
  22. Canadian Medical Association Clinical Practice Guidelines 2005. [accessed 4 February 2005]. Available at: http://mdm.ca/cpgsnew/cpgs/index.asp.
  23. ↵
    Hurwitz B. How does evidence based guidance influence determinations of medical negligence?. BMJ 2004; 329: 1024–8.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  24. ↵
    Keffer JH. Guidelines and algorithms: perceptions of why and when they are successful and how to improve them. Clin Chem 2001; 47: 1563–72.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  25. ↵
    Sackett DL, Richardson WS, Rosenberg W, Haynes RB. Evidence-based medicine: how to practice and teach EBM. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1997.
  26. Hayward RS, Wilson MC, Tunis SR, Bass EB, Guyatt G. Users’ guides to the medical literature. VIII. How to use clinical practice guidelines. A. Are the recommendations valid? The Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA 1995; 274: 570–4.
    OpenUrl
  27. Wilson MC, Hayward RS, Tunis SR, Bass EB, Guyatt G. Users’ guides to the Medical Literature. VIII. How to use clinical practice guidelines. B. What are the recommendations and will they help you in caring for your patients? The Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA 1995; 274: 1630–2.
    OpenUrl
  28. ↵
    Choudhry NK, Stelfox HT, Detsky AS. Relationships between authors of clinical practice guidelines and the pharmaceutical industry. JAMA 2002; 287: 612–7.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  29. ↵
    Julian DG. What is right and what is wrong about evidence-based medicine?. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2003; 14: S2–5.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  30. ↵
    Topol EJ. Failing the public health–rofecoxib, Merck, and the FDA. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1707–9.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  31. ↵
    Fitzgerald GA. Coxibs and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1709–11.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  32. ↵
    Kondro W. UK bans, Health Canada warns about antidepressants. CMAJ 2004; 171: 23.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  33. ↵
    Relman AS, Angell M. America’s other drug problem: how the drug industry distorts medicine and politics. New Republic 2002; 587: 27–41.
    OpenUrl
  34. ↵
    Angell M. Is academic medicine for sale?. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1516–8.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  35. Moynihan R. Who pays for the pizza? Redefining the relationships between doctors and drug companies. 1: Entanglement. BMJ 2003; 326: 1189–92.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  36. ↵
    CMAJ Editorial. Obituary: the Canadian task force on preventive health care. CMAJ 2003; 169: 1137.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  37. ↵
    Angell M. The truth about the drug companies: how they deceive us and what to do about it. New York: Random House; 2004.
  38. ↵
    Bodenheimer T. Uneasy alliance–clinical investigators and the pharmaceutical industry. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1539–44.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  39. ↵
    Bero LA, Rennie D. Influences on the quality of published drug studies. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 1996; 12: 209–37.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  40. ↵
    Lexchin J, Bero LA, Djulbegovic B, Clark O. Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review. BMJ 2003; 326: 1167–70.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  41. ↵
    Dehaas D. Much ado about nothing: whistle-blower or busybody? MD Canada 2003; 1:6, 19–30.
  42. ↵
    Stelfox HT, Chua G, O’Rourke K, Detsky AS. Conflict of interest in the debate over calcium-channel antagonists. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 101–6.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  43. ↵
    Barnett A. Revealed: how drug firms ‘hoodwink’ medical journals. Pharmaceutical giants hire ghostwriters to produce articles—then put doctors’ names on them. The Observer. 2003 Dec 7.
  44. ↵
    Horton R. MMR: science and fiction. London: Granta Books; 2004.
  45. ↵
    Rochon PA, Bero LA, Bay AM, et al. Comparison of review articles published in peer-reviewed and throwaway journals. JAMA 2002; 287: 2853–6.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  46. ↵
    Harvard School of Public Health: World Health News. Willman D. The National Institutes of Health: Public servant or private marketer? Los Angeles Times. 2004 Dec 22.
  47. ↵
    Willman D. Stealth merger: drug companies and government medical research. Los Angeles Times. 2003 Dec 7.
  48. ↵
    Rogers EM. Diffusion of Innovations. New York: The Free Press, 1995.
  49. ↵
    Moschovis PP. When cultures are wrong. JAMA 2002; 288: 1131–2.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  50. ↵
    Haines A, Donald A. Getting research findings into practice: making better use of research findings. BMJ 1998; 317: 72–5.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  51. ↵
    Shumaker SA, Legault C, Rapp SR, et al. Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 289: 2651–62.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  52. Herrington DM, Howard TD. From presumed benefit to potential harm–hormone therapy and heart disease. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 519–21.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  53. Wassertheil-Smoller S, Hendrix SL, Limacher M, et al. Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 289: 2673–84.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
Back to top

In this issue

Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Email Article
Citation Tools

Jump to section