Diabetes Mellitus, Smoking, and the Risk for Asymptomatic Peripheral Arterial Disease: Whom Should We Screen?

References

1. ↵
   Criqui MH, Fronek A, Barrett-Connor E, Klauber MR, Gabriel S, Goodman D. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in a defined population. Circulation 1985; 71: 510–5.

   OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
2. ↵
   Meijer WT, Grobbee DE, Hunink MG, Hofman A, Hoes AW. Determinants of peripheral arterial disease in the elderly: the Rotterdam study. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 2934–8.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
3. Meijer WT, Hoes AW, Rutgers D, Bots ML, Hofman A, Grobbee DE. Peripheral arterial disease in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18: 185–92.

   OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
4. ↵
   Collins TC, Petersen NJ, Suarez-Almazor M, Ashton CM. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in a racially diverse population. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163: 1469–74.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
5. ↵
   Hilleman DE. Management of peripheral arterial disease. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1998; 55: 21–7S.
6. Hiatt WR, Marshall JA, Baxter J, et al. Diagnostic methods for peripheral arterial disease in the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. J Clin Epidemiol 1990; 43: 597–606.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
7. Schroll M, Munck O. Estimation of peripheral arteriosclerotic disease by ankle blood pressure measurements in a population study of 60-year-old men and women. J Chron Dis 1981; 34: 261–9.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
8. Criqui MH, Denenberg JO, Langer RD, Fronek A. The epidemiology of peripheral arterial disease: importance of identifying the population at risk. Vasc Med 1997; 2: 221–6.

   OpenUrlPubMed
9. ↵
   Fowkes FG, Housley E, Cawood EH, Macintyre CC, Ruckley CV, Prescott RJ. Edinburgh Artery Study: prevalence of asymptomatic and symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the general population. Int J Epidemiol 1991; 20: 384–92.

   OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
10. Fowkes FG. Epidemiology of peripheral vascular disease. Atherosclerosis 1997; 131(Suppl): S29–31.
11. ↵
    Aronow WS. Prevalence of atherothrombotic brain infarction, coronary artery disease and peripheral arterial disease in elderly blacks, Hispanics and whites. Am J Cardiol 1992; 70: 1212–3.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
12. ↵
    Ness J, Aronow WS. Prevalence of coronary artery disease, ischemic stroke, peripheral arterial disease, and coronary revascularization in older African-Americans, Asians, Hispanics, whites, men, and women. Am J Cardiol 1999; 84: 932–3, A7.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
13. ↵
    Newman AB, Siscovick DS, Manolio TA, et al. Ankle-arm index as a marker of atherosclerosis in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation 1993; 88: 837–45.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
14. ↵
    Collins TC, Johnson M, Henderson W, Khuri SF, Daley J. Lower extremity nontraumatic amputation among veterans with peripheral arterial disease. Med Care 2002; 40(1 Suppl): I106–16.

    OpenUrl
15. ↵
    Hooi JD, Kester AD, Stoffers HE, Overdijk MM, van Ree JW, Knottnerus JA. Incidence of and risk factors for asymptomatic peripheral arterial occlusive disease: a longitudinal study. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 153: 666–72.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
16. McDermott MM, Greenland P, Liu K, et al. Leg symptoms in peripheral arterial disease. JAMA 2001; 286: 1599–606.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
17. ↵
    McDermott MM, Mehta S, Greenland P. Exertional leg symptoms other than intermittent claudication are common in peripheral arterial disease. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159: 387–92.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
18. ↵
    Hirsch AT, Criqui MH, Treat-Jacobson D, et al. Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care. JAMA 2001; 286: 1317–24.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
19. ↵
    Hooi JD, Stoffers HE, Kester AD, et al. Risk factors and cardiovascular diseases associated with asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease. The Limburg PAOD study. Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease. Scand J Prim Health Care 1998; 16: 177–82.

    OpenUrl
20. ↵
    Walters DP, Gatling W, Mullee MA, Hill RD. The prevalence, detection, and epidemiological correlates of peripheral vascular disease: a comparison of diabetic and non-diabetic subjects in an English community. Diabet Med 1992; 9: 710–5.

    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
21. Yao ST, Hobbs JT, Irvine WT. Ankle systolic pressure measurements in arterial disease affecting the lower extremities. Br J Surg 1969; 56: 676–9.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
22. Fowkes FG. The measurement of atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease in epidemiological surveys. Int J Epidemiol 1988; 17: 248–54.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
23. Vogt MT, Cauley JA, Newman AB, Kuller LH, Hulley SB. Decreased ankle/arm blood pressure index and mortality in elderly women. JAMA 1993; 270: 465–9.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
24. ↵
    Vogt MT, McKenna M, Anderson SJ, Wolfson SK, Kuller LH. The relationship between ankle-arm index and mortality in older men and women. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993; 41: 523–30.

    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
25. ↵
    Collins TC, O’Malley K, Suarez-Almazor M, Petersen N. The Lifestyle and Clinical Survey: validation of a medical history questionnaire. Fed Pract 2005; 22: 25–6, 29–33, 38–42.

    OpenUrl
26. ↵
    Fowkes FG, Housley E, Riemersma RA, et al. Smoking, lipids, glucose intolerance, and blood pressure as risk factors for peripheral atherosclerosis compared with ischemic heart disease in the Edinburgh Artery Study. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 135: 331–40.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
27. ↵
    Jonason T, Bergstrom R. Cessation of smoking in patients with intermittent claudication. Effects on the risk of peripheral vascular complications, myocardial infarction and mortality. Acta Med Scand 1987; 221: 253–60.

    OpenUrl
28. Faulkner KW, House AK, Castleden WM. The effect of cessation of smoking on the accumulative survival rates of patients with symptomatic peripheral vascular disease. Med J Aust 1983; 1: 217–9.

    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
29. ↵
    Hughson WG, Mann JI, Tibbs DJ, Woods HF, Walton I. Intermittent claudication: factors determining outcome. Br Med J 1978; 1: 1377–9.
30. Quick CRG, Cotton LT. The measured effect of stopping smoking on intermittent claudication. Br J Surg 1982; 69S: S24–6.
31. ↵
    Jonason T, Ringqvist I. Factors of prognostic importance for subsequent rest pain in patients with intermittent claudication. Acta Med Scand 1985; 218: 27–33.

    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
32. ↵
    McDermott MM, Fried L, Simonsick E, Ling S, Guralnik JM. Asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease is independently associated with impaired lower extremity functioning: the women’s health and aging study. Circulation 2000; 101: 1007–12.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
33. ↵
    Kreidy R, Hajjar E. Digital pulse volume recording: an essential test for the assessment of arteritis in diabetic patients. J Med Liban 1997; 45: 73–7.

    OpenUrlPubMed
34. ↵
    Edmonds ME. Medial arterial calcification and diabetes mellitus. Z Kardiol 2000; 89 Suppl 2: 101–4.

    OpenUrl