Episiotomy in Low-Risk Vaginal Deliveries

References

1. ↵
   Weber AM, Meyn L. Episiotomy use in the United States, 1979–1997. Obstet and Gynecol 2002; 100: 1177–82.

   OpenUrlPubMed
2. ↵
   Webb DA; Culhane J. Hospital variation in episiotomy use and the risk of perineal trauma during childbirth. Birth 2002; 29: 132–6.

   OpenUrlPubMed
3. ↵
   Weber A. Who is at risk for severe perineal damage at vaginal delivery? Report from the Annual Clinical Meeting of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Evidence Based Obstet Gynecol 2002; 4(2): 104.

   OpenUrl
4. ↵
   Cleary-Goldman J, Robinson JN. The role of episiotomy in current obstetric practice. Semin Perinatol 2003; 27: 3–12.

   OpenUrlPubMed
5. ↵
   Woolley RJ. Benefits and risks of episiotomy: a review of the English-language literature since 1980. Part 1. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1995; 50: 806–20.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
6. ↵
   Carroli G, Belizan J. Episiotomy for vaginal birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; (2): CD000081.
7. ↵
   Carroli G, Belizan J, Stamp G. Episiotomy policies in vaginal births. In: Neilson JP, Crowther CA, Hodnett ED, Hofmeyr GJ, editors. Pregnancy and childbirth module of the Cochrane database of systematic reviews. Oxford: Update Software; 1999. Issue 3.
8. Bodner-Adler B, Bodner K, Kimberger O, Wagenbichler P, Mayerhofer K. Management of the perineum during forceps delivery. Association of episiotomy with the frequency and severity of perineal trauma in women undergoing forceps delivery. J Reprod Med 2003; 48: 239–42.

   OpenUrlPubMed
9. ↵
   Hueston WJ. Factors associated with the use of episiotomy during vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 87: 1001–5.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
10. ↵
    Reid AJ, Carroll JC, Ruderman J, Murray MA. Differences in intrapartum obstetric care provided to women at low risk by family physicians and obstetricians. CMAJ 1989; 140: 625–33.

    OpenUrlAbstract
11. Hueston WJ, Applegate JA, Mansfield CJ, King DE, McClaflin RR. Practice variations between family physicians and obstetricians in the management of low-risk pregnancies. J Fam Pract 1995; 40: 345–51.

    OpenUrlPubMed
12. ↵
    Goldberg J, Holtz D, Hyslop T, Tolosa JE. Has the use of routine episiotomy decreased? Examination of episiotomy rates from 1983 to 2000. Obstet and Gynecol 2002; 99: 395–400.

    OpenUrlPubMed
13. ↵
    Elias M. Fewer incisions at birth urged: episiotomy rates ’still way too high.’ USA Today. 2002 May 7;Sect. D:10.
14. ↵
    Eason E, Feldman P. Much ado about a little cut: is episiotomy worthwhile? Obstet Gynecol 2000; 95: 616–8.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
15. ↵
    Klein MC, Kaczorowski J, Robbins JM, Gauthier RJ, Jorgensen SH, Joshi AK. Physicians’ beliefs and behaviour during a randomized controlled trial of episiotomy: consequences for women in their care. CMAJ 1995; 153: 769–79.

    OpenUrlAbstract
16. ↵
    Klein MC. Studying episiotomy: when beliefs conflict with science. J Fam Pract 1995; 41: 483–8.

    OpenUrlPubMed
17. ↵
    Belizan JM, Carroli G. Routine episiotomy should be abandoned. BMJ 1998; 317: 1389.

    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
18. ↵
    Klein MC. Episiotomy results stand despite lack of compliance. CMAJ 1995; 153: 1708–10.

    OpenUrlPubMed
19. ↵
    Howden NL, Weber AM, Meyn LA. Episiotomy use among residents and faculty compared with private practitioners. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 103: 114–8.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
20. ↵
    Robinson JN, Norwitz ER, Cohen AP, Lieberman E. Predictors of episiotomy use at first spontaneous vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 96: 214–8.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
21. ↵
    Reducing the frequency of episiotomies through a continuous quality improvement program. CMAJ 1995; 153: 275–82.

    OpenUrlAbstract
22. ↵
    Wyatt JC, Paterson-Brown S, Johanson R, Altman DG, Bradburn MJ, Fisk NM. Randomised trial of educational visits to enhance use of systematic reviews in 25 obstetric units. BMJ 1998; 317: 1041–6.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text