Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1.
Correlations between Primary Care, Specialty Care, Income Inequity, and Standardized Mortality, US States 1980–1995
Age-Standardized Deaths per 100,000 Population from All Causes 1980 1985 1990 1995 Gini Coefficent Same period .42‡ .39‡ .55‡ .28† Prior period .46‡ .48‡ .55‡ Robin Hood Same period .42‡ .42‡ .48‡ .25* Prior period .46‡ .51‡ .52‡ Specialty Care Same period .13 .02 −.09 −.13 Prior period −.11 −.09 −.18 Primary Care Same period .30† −.18 −.26* −.29† Prior period −.30† −.25* −.34† Family Medicine Same period −.47‡ −.35‡ −.32† −.27* Prior period −.50‡ −.31† −.25* Internal Medicine Same period −.10 −.03 −.11 −.18 Prior period −.09 −.11 −.19 Pediatrics Same period −.08 −.01 −.07 −.05 Prior period −.07 −.07 −.16 * P < .1
† P < .05
‡ P < .01
n = 50
- Table 2.
Regression Coefficients of Primary Care, Specialty Care, and Income Inequity on Standardized Mortality, US States 1980–1995
Age-Standardized Deaths per 100,000 Population from All Causes 1980 1985 1990 1995 Intercept 463.02 478.09 286.37 554.65 [205.22] [168.10] [174.85] [44.11] Gini Coefficient 1249.12 1003.57 1324.50 719.14 [488.89] [385.87] [380.33] [342.59] (2.56‡) (2.60‡) (3.48‡) (2.10†) Primary Care −37.69 −33.80 −25.99 −35.53 [13.85] [12.48] [11.90] [11.25] (−2.72‡) (−2.71‡) (−2.19†) (−3.16‡) Specialty Care 15.78 16.46 10.56 14.98 [7.03] [6.52] [6.20] [6.79] (2.24†) (2.53†) (1.70*) (2.21†) R2 .30 .27 .35 .28 Adjusted R2 .25 .22 .31 .23 F Ratio 6.46‡ 5.55‡ 8.28‡ 5.99‡ Parameter estimates on top, standard errors in brackets, t values in parentheses.
* P < .1
† P < .05
‡ P < .01
n = 50
- Table 3.
Regression Coefficients of Primary Care Subspecialties, Specialty Care, and Income Inequity on Standardized Mortality, US States 1980–1995
Age-Standardized Deaths per 100,000 Population from All Causes 1980 1985 1990 1995 Intercept 751.19 613.25 442.69 632.56 [213.11] [184.90] [204.43] [186.78] Gini Coefficent 954.55 950.42 1204.1 657.30 [466.39] [386.51] [391.2] [364.39] (2.05†) (2.46†) (3.08‡) (1.80*) Specialty Care −1.73 3.55 1.27 5.48 [10.22] [9.89] [9.82] [11.20] (−.17) (.36) (.13) (.49) Family Medicine −70.94 −50.69 −41.10 −38.69 [16.60] [15.68] [15.42] [14.59] (−4.27‡) (−3.23‡) (−2.67‡) (−2.65‡) Internal Medicine 7.80 −12.36 −8.56 −29.82 [19.98] [19.31] [17.52] [14.69] (.39) (−.64) (−.49) (−2.03†) Pediatrics −72.28 −27.69 −32.43 .43 [58.68] [52.60] [48.76] [38.02] (−1.23) (−.53) (−.67) (.01) R2 .43 .32 .38 .30 Adjusted R2 .36 .24 .31 .22 F Ratio 6.53‡ 4.09‡ 5.47‡ 3.78‡ Parameter estimates on top, standard errors in brackets, t values in parentheses.
* P < .1
† P < .05
‡ P < .01
n = 50
- Table 4.
Regression Coefficients of Primary Care, Specialty Care, and Income Inequity on Standardized Mortality, US States 1980–1995
Age-Standardized Deaths per 100,000 Population from All Causes 1985 Mortality/1980 Predictors 1990 Mortality/1985 Predictors 1995 Mortality/1990 Predictors Intercept 431.84 381.90 319.50 315.12 306.26 239.75 [176.77] [196.22] [155.22] [166.73] [166.36] [175.06] Robin Hood Index 16.95 18.38 18.29 [5.83] [4.91] [5.08] (2.91‡) (3.75‡) (3.60‡) Gini Coefficient 1339.85 1341.01 1447.93 [467.46] [382.73] [380.79] (2.87‡) (3.50‡) (3.80‡) Primary Care −40.16 −39.87 −33.53 −34.28 −29.58 −25.19 [13.18) [13.24] [12.22] [12.38) [11.76] [11.91] (−3.05‡) (−3.01‡) (−2.75‡) (−2.77†) (−2.52†) (−2.12†) Specialty Care 17.76 17.31 15.08 15.20 10.94 8.14 [6.69] [6.72] [6.37] [6.46] [6.12] [6.20] (2.66‡) (2.58‡) (2.37†) (2.35†) (1.79*) (1.31) R2 .34 .34 .36 .34 .37 .39 Adjusted R2 .30 .30 .32 .30 .33 .35 F Ratio 7.96‡ 7.86‡ 8.72‡ 8.01‡ 9.15‡ 9.76‡ Parameter estimates on top, standard errors in brackets, t values in parentheses.
* P < .1
† P < .05
‡ P < .01
n = 50
The Relationship Between Primary Care, Income Inequality, and Mortality in US States, 1980–1995
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