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Research ArticleOriginal Research

Implementation of an Opt-Out Outpatient HIV Screening Program

Cameron T. Miller, Kristin S. Alvarez, Ank E. Nijhawan, Virali Soni, Lena Turknett, Raja Paspula and Helen L. King
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine August 2024, jabfm.2023.230352R1; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2023.230352R1
Cameron T. Miller
From the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (CTM); Parkland Health, Center of Innovation and Value, Dallas, Texas (KSA); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dallas, Texas (AEN); Parkland Health, Center of Innovation and Value, Dallas, Texas (VS); Parkland Health, HIV Services, Dallas, Texas (LT); Medical Director COPC, Parkland Health, Dallas, Texas (RP); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dallas, Texas (HLK).
BS
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Kristin S. Alvarez
From the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (CTM); Parkland Health, Center of Innovation and Value, Dallas, Texas (KSA); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dallas, Texas (AEN); Parkland Health, Center of Innovation and Value, Dallas, Texas (VS); Parkland Health, HIV Services, Dallas, Texas (LT); Medical Director COPC, Parkland Health, Dallas, Texas (RP); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dallas, Texas (HLK).
PharmD, BCPS
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Ank E. Nijhawan
From the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (CTM); Parkland Health, Center of Innovation and Value, Dallas, Texas (KSA); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dallas, Texas (AEN); Parkland Health, Center of Innovation and Value, Dallas, Texas (VS); Parkland Health, HIV Services, Dallas, Texas (LT); Medical Director COPC, Parkland Health, Dallas, Texas (RP); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dallas, Texas (HLK).
MD, MPH
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Virali Soni
From the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (CTM); Parkland Health, Center of Innovation and Value, Dallas, Texas (KSA); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dallas, Texas (AEN); Parkland Health, Center of Innovation and Value, Dallas, Texas (VS); Parkland Health, HIV Services, Dallas, Texas (LT); Medical Director COPC, Parkland Health, Dallas, Texas (RP); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dallas, Texas (HLK).
BS Pharm, MBA
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Lena Turknett
From the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (CTM); Parkland Health, Center of Innovation and Value, Dallas, Texas (KSA); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dallas, Texas (AEN); Parkland Health, Center of Innovation and Value, Dallas, Texas (VS); Parkland Health, HIV Services, Dallas, Texas (LT); Medical Director COPC, Parkland Health, Dallas, Texas (RP); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dallas, Texas (HLK).
RN
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Raja Paspula
From the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (CTM); Parkland Health, Center of Innovation and Value, Dallas, Texas (KSA); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dallas, Texas (AEN); Parkland Health, Center of Innovation and Value, Dallas, Texas (VS); Parkland Health, HIV Services, Dallas, Texas (LT); Medical Director COPC, Parkland Health, Dallas, Texas (RP); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dallas, Texas (HLK).
MD
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Helen L. King
From the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (CTM); Parkland Health, Center of Innovation and Value, Dallas, Texas (KSA); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dallas, Texas (AEN); Parkland Health, Center of Innovation and Value, Dallas, Texas (VS); Parkland Health, HIV Services, Dallas, Texas (LT); Medical Director COPC, Parkland Health, Dallas, Texas (RP); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Dallas, Texas (HLK).
MD
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Article Figures & Data

Figures

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  • Figure 1.
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    Figure 1.

    Lifetime HIV screenings before and after interventions to increase HIV screening. The control chart demonstrates the completion of lifetime HIV screening for the eligible population in the pre- and postintervention periods. Implementation of each intervention is illustrated over time. Intervention 1: Health care maintenance HIV screening alert implemented; Intervention 2: provider performance-based incentive for HIV screening initiated; Intervention 3: HIV screening BPA implemented. The red dotted lines represent the upper and lower control limits beyond 3 standard deviations from the mean. These values were recalculated after initiating interventions after 12/1/2021. The center blue line represents the average values before and after interventions. Colors of individual data points represent data stability (blue) and instability (red) per QI Macro rules. The pentagons numbered 1 to 3 represent the start point of the 3 interventions in order.

  • Figure 2.
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    Figure 2.

    Flowchart of patients screened for HIV in the pre- and postintervention periods. Figure 2A and 2B describe the number and portion of the eligible population screened, screening results, and subsequent linkage (or reengagement) to care for the pre- and postintervention timeframes, respectively.

Tables

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    Table 1.

    Demographics of the Eligible Population and the Population of Those Screened

    Pre-Intervention Eligible Population (n = 68,879) Pre-Intervention Screenings (n = 5,363) Post-Intervention Eligible Population (n = 71,697) Post-Intervention Screenings (n = 28,542) Screenings
    P-value
    Age 
     13 to 24 4,082896 (22.0)4,6001,933 (42.0)<0.01
     25 to 34 5,102637 (12.5)5,4611,983 (36.3)
     35 to 44 11,2431,108 (9.9)11,5314,880 (42.3)
     45 to 54 16,4801,280 (7.8)17,0877,936 (46.4)
     55 to 64 17,3771,091 (6.3)17,7428,395 (47.3)
     65+ 14,595351 (2.4)15,2763,415 (22.4)
    Legal Sex 
     Woman 43,3663,136 (7.2)4,17617,881 (40.5)<0.01
     Man 25,5132,227 (8.7)27,52110,661 (38.7)
    Gender Identity 
     Woman 43,2863,133 (7.2)44,08017,856 (40.5)<0.01
     Man 25,4472,217 (8.7)27,45310,646 (38.8)
     Transgender Woman 557 (12.7)5914 (23.7)
     Transgender Man 582 (3.4)5712 (21.1)
     Other 214 (19.0)226 (27.3)
     Choose not to disclose120268 (30.8)
    Race
     American Indian15018 (12.0)14959 (39.6)<0.01
     Asian2,28181 (3.6)2,189678 (31.0)
     Black18,8911,552 (8.2)19,7156,888 (34.9)
     Other Pacific Islander19110 (5.2)22879 (34.6)
     Patient declines to respond50106 (60.0)
     Unknown88481 (9.2)1,089465 (42.7)
     White46,4773,621 (7.8)48,31720,367 (42.2)
    Ethnicity
     Hispanic41,1683,236 (7.9)42,30118,432 (43.6)<0.01
     Non Hispanic2,72612,083 (7.6)28,6729,819 (34.2)
     Patient declines to respond100102 (20.0)
     Unknown44044 (10.0)714289 (40.5)
    Payor Status 
     Commercial 3,333345 (10.4)3,4231,477 (43.1)<0.01
     Medicare/Medicaid 18,2041,067 (5.9)18,2095,602 (30.8)
     Charity 43,7553,840 (8.8)47,49419,694 (41.5)
     Self-Pay 3,578111 (3.1)2,5611,765 (68.9)
     Other (Tricare/Champva/ Worker's Comp)90104 (40.0)
    • Note. The values in parentheses represent the percentage screened out of the eligible population for a given characteristic.

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The Journal of the American Board of Family     Medicine: 38 (1)
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
Vol. 38, Issue 1
January-February 2025
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Implementation of an Opt-Out Outpatient HIV Screening Program
Cameron T. Miller, Kristin S. Alvarez, Ank E. Nijhawan, Virali Soni, Lena Turknett, Raja Paspula, Helen L. King
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Aug 2024, jabfm.2023.230352R1; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2023.230352R1

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Implementation of an Opt-Out Outpatient HIV Screening Program
Cameron T. Miller, Kristin S. Alvarez, Ank E. Nijhawan, Virali Soni, Lena Turknett, Raja Paspula, Helen L. King
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Aug 2024, jabfm.2023.230352R1; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2023.230352R1
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  • Electronic Medical Records
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