Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Books utilized during the study.
- Figure 2.
Longitudinal changes of language scores.
- Figure 3.
Books each week experienced by infants.
Tables
Randomized Group Functional Grouping Some Always Group A B C P <7 books 7 or more P Number 16 18 18 18 34 A 9 7 B 6 12 C 3 15 0.007 Gender (female)a 62.50% 27.78% 50.00% 0.118 44.44% 47.06% 0.857 GAb 38.5 38.6 39.3 0.354 38.4 38.9 0.657 Delivery (cesarean)a 37.50% 44.44% 38.89% 0.807 50.00% 35.29% 0.466 NICUa 18.75% 16.67% 11.11% 0.894 16.67% 14.71% 0.852 Maternal ageb 29.6 25.6 27.5 0.053 28.3 27.1 0.308 Paternal ageb 32.2 28.2 29.8 0.181 31.4 29.2 0.305 Maternal education levelb 13.4 13.7 15.2 0.035 12.6 14.9 0.015 Paternal education levelb 12.6 13.7 13.8 0.709 12.1 14.1 0.034 Birth orderb 2.5 1.9 1.9 0.341 2.4 1.9 0.302 Number of adultsb 2.6 2.3 2.2 0.629 2.7 2.2 0.149 Number of kidsb 2.4 1.8 2.1 0.508 2.5 1.9 0.141 Expressive Language Receptive Language Combined Language Some Always Some Always Some Always Infant age <7 books 7+ books P <7 books 7+ books P <7 books 7+ books P 2 weeks 95.67 (6.43) 83.13 (28.19) 0.300 84.50 (8.84) 84.88 (6.38) 0.696 88.17 (8.01) 87.50 (5.01) 0.786 2 months 106.50 (5.40) 104.89 (5.09) 0.473 98.83 (9.10) 98.33 (8.93) 0.888 103.42 (7.65) 101.78 (7.34) 0.725 4 months 108.90 (5.47) 106.78 (4.35) 0.267 100.50 (7.72) 101.78 (3.53) 0.968 105.70 (7.54) 105.22 (4.68) 0.717 6 months 103.36 (6.67) 104.25 (4.27) 0.618 95.00 (5.66) 97.38 (7.23) 0.394 98.82 (7.47) 101.00 (6.23) 0.418 9 months 96.89 (6.39) 102.40 (7.83) 0.226 87.67 (5.20) 95.80 (7.85) 0.092 91.44 (6.04) 98.80 (9.18) 0.183 12 months 96.00 (10.61) 106.50 (7.71) 0.112 86.60 (9.05) 96.33 (5.68) 0.051 90.10 (11.98) 102.17 (7.14) 0.065 Note: P values were derived from Wilcoxen–Mann–Whitney tests. Among mothers whose education level was ≤12, there is marginally higher receptive language among those who always read ≥7 books/week in the later phase, at 9 months (P = 0.092) and 12 months (P = 0.051). Also, combined language of the same group of mothers is marginally higher among those who always read ≥7 books at 12 months (P = 0.065).
