Interpretating Normal Values and Reference Ranges for Laboratory Tests

References

1. 1.↵
   1. Sikaris KA

   . Enhancing the clinical value of medical laboratory testing. Clin Biochem Rev 2017;38:107–14.

   OpenUrlPubMed
2. 2.↵
   1. Shaik T,
   2. Mahmood R,
   3. Kanagala SG,
   4. et al

   . Lab testing overload: a comprehensive analysis of overutilization in hospital-based settings. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2024;37:312–6.

   OpenUrlPubMed
3. 3.↵
   1. Zhang Z,
   2. Citardi D,
   3. Xing A,
   4. Luo X,
   5. Lu Y,
   6. He Z

   . Patient challenges and needs in comprehending laboratory test results: mixed methods study. J Med Internet Res 2020;22:e18725.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
4. 4.↵
   1. Giardina TD,
   2. Baldwin J,
   3. Nystrom DT,
   4. Sittig DF,
   5. Singh H

   . Patient perceptions of receiving test results via online portals: a mixed-methods study. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2018;25:440–6.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
5. 5.↵
   1. Vipler B

   . “What’s Lymphoma” – Risks posed by immediate release of test results to patients. N Engl J Med 2024;390:1064–6.

   OpenUrlPubMed
6. 6.↵
   Blood donor selection: guidelines on assessing donor suitability for blood donation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012. 4, General donor assessment. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK138219/.
7. 7.↵
   College of American Pathologists Laboratory Quality Solutions. Cardiac markers, CAR-B 2024; Diagnostic Immunology Survey S-C 2022; Chemistry and Therapeutic drug monitoring C-B 2022.
8. 8.↵
   1. Pum J

   . Chapter Six-A practical guide to validation and verification of analytical methods in the clinical laboratory. Adv Clin Che 2019;90:215–81.

   OpenUrl
9. 9.↵
   Hemoglobin. MedlinePlus [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). Available at: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003645.htm#:∼.
10. 10.↵
    1. Kim HS

    . Blood glucose measurement: is serum equal to plasma? Diabetes Metab J 2016;40:365–6.

    OpenUrlPubMed
11. 11.↵
    1. Rajan S,
    2. Tosh P,
    3. Isaac M,
    4. et al

    . Comparison of hemoglobin values obtained by arterial blood gas analysis versus laboratory method during major head-and-neck surgeries. Anesth Essays Res 2022;16:84–8.

    OpenUrlPubMed
12. 12.↵
    1. Tate JR,
    2. Meyer GL

    . Harmonization of clinical laboratory test results. EJIFCC 2016;27:5–14.eCollection 2016.

    OpenUrlPubMed
13. 13.↵
    1. Ceriotti F

    . Harmonization initiatives in Europe. EJIFCC 2016;27:23–9.

    OpenUrlPubMed
14. 14.↵
    1. Piéroni L,
    2. Bargnoux AS,
    3. Cristol JP,
    4. Cavalier E,
    5. Delanaye P

    . Did creatinine standardization give benefits to the evaluation of glomerular filtration rate? EJIFCC 2017;28:251–7.

    OpenUrlPubMed
15. 15.↵
    1. Baird MF,
    2. Graham SM,
    3. Baker JS,
    4. Bickerstaff GF

    . Creatine-kinase- and exercise-related muscle damage implications for muscle performance and recovery. J Nutr Metab 2012;2012:960363.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
16. 16.↵
    1. Lowe D,
    2. Sanvictores T,
    3. Zubair M,
    4. John S

    . Alkaline Phosphatase. 2023 Oct 29. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan.
17. 17.↵
    1. Sharma U,
    2. Pal D,
    3. Prasad R

    . Alkaline phosphatase: an overview. Indian J Clin Biochem 2014;29:269–78.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
18. 18.↵
    1. Skaaland H,
    2. Larstorp ACK,
    3. Lindberg M,
    4. Jacobsen D

    . Reference values for osmolal gap in healthy subjects and in medical inpatients. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2020;80:1–5.

    OpenUrlPubMed
19. 19.↵
    1. Weir CB,
    2. Jan A

    . BMI Classification Percentile and Cut Off Points. [Updated 2023 Jun 26]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541070.
20. 20.↵
    1. Must A,
    2. Spadano J,
    3. Coakley EH,
    4. Field AE,
    5. Colditz G,
    6. Dietz WH

    . The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity. JAMA 1999;282:1523–9.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
21. 21.↵
    1. El-Khoury JM,
    2. Badrick T,
    3. Theodorsson E

    . Time to reevaluate the 95% inclusion criteria for defining reference intervals? Clin Chem 2024;70:700–2.

    OpenUrlPubMed
22. 22.↵
    1. Reza HS,
    2. Ali Z,
    3. Tara H,
    4. Ali B

    . Age-specific reference ranges of prostate-specific antigen in the elderly of Amirkola: a population-based study. Asian J Urol 2021;8:183–8.

    OpenUrlPubMed
23. 23.↵
    1. Singh G

    . Serum free light chain assay and κ/λ ratio: performance in patients without monoclonal gammopathies – high false positive rate. Am J Clin Pathol 2016;146:207–14.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
24. 24.↵
    1. Singh G

    . Serum and urine protein electrophoresis and serum free light chain assays in the diagnosis and monitoring of monoclonal gammopathies. J Appl Lab Med 2020;5:1358–71.

    OpenUrlPubMed
25. 25.↵
    1. Singh G

    . Free monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains in serum and urine. 21st Century Pathology 2023;3:143–54.

    OpenUrl
26. 26.↵
    1. Billett HH

    . Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Chapter 151 Hemoglobin and Hematocrit. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK259/.
27. 27.↵
    1. MacDonald R

    . Red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and oxygen affinity. Anaesthesia 1977;32:544–53.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
28. 28.↵
    1. Stoppler MC

    . Ferritin blood test. MedicineNet, Inc [Internet]. May 21, 2024. Available at: https://www.medicinenet.com/ferritin_blood_test/article.htm.
29. 29.↵
    1. Hoffman M,
    2. Winsborough H,
    3. Gopal A

    . HDL: the good cholesterol. WebMD LLC [Internet]. January 8, 2024. Available at: https://www.webmd.com/cholesterol-management/hdl-cholesterol-the-good-cholesterol.
30. 30.↵
    1. Hosten AO

    . Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd ed. Chapter 193 BUN and Creatinine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK305/.
31. 31.↵
    1. Abbassi-Ghanavati M,
    2. Greer LG,
    3. Cunningham FG

    . Pregnancy and laboratory studies: a reference table for clinicians. Obstet Gynecol 2009;114:1326–31.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
32. 32.↵
    1. Cheung AS,
    2. Lim HY,
    3. Cook T,
    4. et al

    . Approach to interpreting common laboratory pathology tests in transgender individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021;106:893–901.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
33. 33.↵
    1. Powe CE,
    2. Evans MK,
    3. Wenger J,
    4. et al

    . Vitamin D-binding protein and vitamin D status of black Americans and white Americans. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1991–2000.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
34. 34.↵
    1. Bellini MI,
    2. Nozdrin M,
    3. Naesens M,
    4. Martins PN

    . Eliminating race from eGFR calculations: impact on living donor programs. Transpl Int 2022;35:10787.

    OpenUrlPubMed
35. 35.↵
    1. Sandoval Y,
    2. Apple FS,
    3. Saenger AK,
    4. Collinson PO,
    5. Wu AHB,
    6. Jaffe AS

    . 99th percentile upper-reference limit of cardiac troponin and the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction., Clin Chem 2020;66:1167–80.

    OpenUrlPubMed
36. 36.↵
    1. Bagai A,
    2. Alexander KP,
    3. Berger JS,
    4. et al

    . Use of troponin assay 99th percentile as the decision level for myocardial infarction diagnosis. Am Heart J 2017;190:135–9.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
37. 37.↵
    1. Saleh L,
    2. Mueller D,
    3. von Eckardstein A

    . Analytical and clinical performance of the new Fujirebio 25-OH vitamin D assay, a comparison with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and three other automated assays. Clin Chem Lab Med 2016;54:617–25.

    OpenUrlPubMed
38. 38.↵
    1. Khan KM,
    2. Jialal I

    . Folic Acid Deficiency. 2023 Jun 26. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535377/.
39. 39.↵
    1. Singh G,
    2. Hamdan H,
    3. Singh V

    . Clinical utility of serum folate measurement in tertiary care patients: argument for revising reference range for serum folate from 3.0ng/mL to 13.0ng/mL. Pract Lab Med 2015;1:35–41.

    OpenUrlPubMed
40. 40.↵
    1. Kozman D,
    2. Mattox S,
    3. Singh G

    . Serum folate of less than 7.0 ng/mL is a marker of malnutrition. Lab Med 2020;51:507–11.

    OpenUrlPubMed
41. 41.↵
    1. Singh G,
    2. Bonham AJ

    . Vitamin D: a predictive equation for vitamin D replacement. J Am Board Fam Med 2014;27:495–509.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
42. 42.↵
    1. Singh G,
    2. Drees B

    . Normal, healthy, and optimum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and required daily intake of vitamin D. Austin Journal of Nutrition and Food sciences 2015;3:1060–3.

    OpenUrl
43. 43.↵
    1. Magnussen C,
    2. Ojeda FM,
    3. Leong DP

    , Global Cardiovascular Risk Consortiumet al. Global effect of modifiable risk factors on cardiovascular disease and mortality. N Engl J Med 2023;389:1273–85.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed