Clusters of Health-Related Social Needs Among Adult Primary Care Patients

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Figure 1.
Profiles of 4 health-relates social needs clusters among adult primary care patients.

Table 1.

Demographics, Utilization, and Health-Related Social Need Presence of Adult Primary Care Patients, Indiana

	Total		Cluster 1 High HRSNs		Cluster 2 Housing dominant		Cluster 3 Food dominant		Cluster 4 Low HRSNs
	n = 1252		n = 370		n = 291		n = 108		n = 483
Demographics	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	p
Gender
Woman	821	65.58	255	68.92	186	63.92	70	64.81	310	64.18	0.452
Race/ethnicity
Asian	25	2.00	4	1.08	6	2.06	0	0.00	15	3.11	0.002
Black, non-Hispanic	602	48.08	196	52.97	153	52.58	55	50.93	198	40.99
Hispanic	94	7.51	23	6.22	25	8.59	12	11.11	34	7.04
White, non-Hispanic	442	35.30	118	31.89	84	28.87	31	28.70	209	43.27
Multiple	29	2.32	9	2.43	9	3.09	3	2.78	8	1.66
Other/unknown	60	4.79	20	5.41	14	4.81	7	6.48	19	3.93
Age (mean, sd)	48.10	16.89	47.80	16.53	45.84	16.00	47.42	14.72	49.83	17.96	0.014
Children (<18) in household	476	38.02	138	37.30	120	41.24	47	43.52	171	35.40	0.246
Preferred language not English	291	23.24	68	18.38	82	28.18	26	24.07	115	23.81	0.029
Education < high school equivalent	124	9.90	60	16.22	27	9.28	15	13.89	22	4.55	<0.001
Utilization¹
Inpatient admissions (mean, sd)	0.15	0.68	0.27	1.08	0.10	0.42	0.11	0.39	0.09	0.38	0.004
ED visits (mean, sd)	0.63	1.43	1.09	1.95	0.57	1.28	0.53	0.93	0.33	0.98	<0.001
Primary care visits (mean, sd)	4.98	4.41	5.90	5.16	4.97	4.46	4.93	4.38	4.29	3.56	<0.001
Elixhauser comorbidity index	2.64	2.60	3.36	3.12	2.35	2.32	2.89	2.42	2.22	2.30	<0.001
Health-related social needs²
Housing instability	533	42.57	247	66.76	286	98.28	0	0.00	0	0.00	<0.001
Financial strain	452	36.10	211	57.03	138	47.42	57	52.78	46	9.52	<0.001
Transportation barrier	379	30.27	370	100.00	0	0.00	6	5.56	3	0.62	<0.001
Food insecurity	540	43.13	277	74.86	155	53.26	108	100.00	0	0.00	<0.001
Unemployment	163	13.02	103	27.84	33	11.34	13	12.04	14	2.90	<0.001
Legal problems	161	12.86	75	20.27	41	14.09	19	17.59	26	5.38	<0.001