Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Average income growth of early-career family physicians against rate of inflation (CPI-U), 2016 to 2020.
Tables
- Table 1.
Characteristics of Early-Career Family Physicians from the National Graduate Survey, 2016–2020
Model 1: Incl. Detailed Princ. Prof. Activities Number (%) Model 2: Incl. Princ. Practice Site Number (%) Full Sample 9,566 (100) 8,024 (100) Gender Man 4,174 (44) 3,293 (41) Woman 5,392 (56) 4,731 (59) Degree Type M.D. 7,800 (82) 6,460 (81) D.O. 1,766 (18) 1,564 (19) Principal Professional Activitya Continuity Care 7,760 (81) 7,760 (97) Emergency Medicine 280 (3) Geriatrics 30 (0) Hospitalist 850 (9) Palliative Care 67 (1) Sports Medicine 61 (1) Urgent Care 415 (4) Otherb 103 (1) Population Density Rural 1,507 (16) 1,294 (16) Urban 8,059 (84) 6,730 (84) Region Midwest 2,271 (24) 1,962 (24) Northeast 1,278 (13) 1,076 (13) South 3,298 (34) 2,607 (32) West 2,719 (28) 2,379 (30) Principal Practice Sitec Academic Health Center/Faculty Practice 943 (12) Federal 379 (5) Federally Qualified Health Center or Look-Alike 1,002 (12) Government Clinic, Non-Federal 127 (2) Hospital/Health System Owned Medical Practice 3,191 (40) Independently Owned Medical Practice 1,071 (13) Indian Health Service 84 (1) Managed Care/HMO Practice 576 (7) Rural Health Clinic (Federally Qualified) 359 (4) Work Site Clinic 104 (1) Other 188 (2) Abbreviation: HMO, Health maintenance organizations.
Note: Data collected by the ABFM from board-certified Diplomates three years after completing residency. Total percentage may not add up to 100 due to rounding.
↵a Model 2 includes a variable indicating continuity care or non-continuity care.
↵b Further information about this group of physicians is available upon request.
↵c Sample size differs when including principal practice site in the model (excludes those with the following principal professional activities: emergency medicine, hospitalist, and urgent care).
d Data collected on race and ethnicity only available from 2017--2020. When race and ethnicity are included in Model 1, total sample size reduced to 7467 (See appendix for descriptive statistics including these variables).
Avg. Income Overalla Increase ($)
2016–2020aAnnualized Increase (%)
2016–2020aFull sample $224,292 $5,766 0.64% Gender Man $249,248 $408 0.04% Woman $204,974 $9,398 1.14% Degree Type M.D. $225,023 $6,733 0.75% D.O. $221,065 $1,656 0.19% Principal Professional Activity Continuity Care $214,007 $4,370 0.51% Emergency Medicine $365,684 $8,886 0.61% Geriatrics $205,449 −$6,046 −0.67% Hospitalist $281,968 $8,108 0.71% Palliative Care $210,323 $39,704 4.61% Sports Medicine $227,227 $2,873 0.30% Urgent Care $219,055 $23,147 2.71% Other $172,737 $34,096 4.87% Population Density Rural $251,982 $1,496 0.15% Urban $219,114 $6,453 0.74% Region Midwest $232,286 $153 0.02% Northeast $203,495 $11,226 1.39% South $230,471 $10,792 1.18% West $219,897 $3,466 0.40% Principal Practice Siteb Academic Health Center/Faculty Practice $196,313 $7,640 0.99% Federal $148,077 $6,006 1.00% Federally Qualified Health Center or Look-Alike $183,380 $13,254 1.82% Government Clinic, Non-Federal $192,543 $34,595 4.46% Hospital/Health System Owned Medical Practice $228,450 $6,411 0.70% Independently Owned Medical Practice $218,222 $9,277 1.05% Indian Health Service $207,897 −$14,632 −1.72% Managed Care/HMO Practice $231,520 $15,385 1.69% Rural Health Clinic (Federally Qualified) $249,291 $1,430 0.14% Work Site Clinic $214,951 $4,913 0.56% Other $204,028 −$33,856 −4.09% Racec Asian $222,832 $89 0.01% Black or African American $223,364 −$5,676 −0.85% White $226,270 $10,605 1.59% Other $224,520 $15,227 2.32% Ethnicityc Non-Hispanic or Latino $225,342 $5,848 0.87% Hispanic or Latino $224,584 $21,828 3.29% Note: Data collected by the ABFM from board-certified Diplomates three years after completing residency.
↵a Incomes have been adjusted for inflation using the CPI-U to reflect their value in 2020 dollars.
↵b Analysis sample differs when including principal practice site in the model (see Table 1).
↵c Data collected on race and ethnicity only available from 2017–2020.
- Table 3.
Adjusted Associations Between Personal and Practice Characteristics with Income for Early-Career Family Physicians, 2016–2020: Model 1
Independent Variable Income Coef./(Std. Err.) P value Gender: Woman −$33,522 (1475) 0.001 Ref: Man Weekly Hours Worked $500 (40) 0.001 Degree Type: D.O. $579 (1864) 0.756 Ref: M.D. Principal Professional Activity Ref: Continuity Care Emergency Medicine $133,608 (4341) 0.001 Geriatrics −$482 (12,888) 0.970 Hospitalist $55,815 (2627) 0.001 Palliative Care $6,541 (8649) 0.449 Sports Medicine $6,815 (9081) 0.453 Urgent Care $10,646 (3565) 0.003 Other −$33,661 (6993) 0.001 Population Density: Rural $23,000 (2020) 0.001 Ref: Urban Region Midwest $5,169 (2018) 0.010 Northeast −$15,489 (2395) 0.001 South −$645 (1843) 0.726 Ref: West R2 0.235 Note: Data collected by the ABFM from board-certified Diplomates three years after completing residency. Incomes have been adjusted for inflation using the CPI-U to reflect their value in 2020 dollars.
- Table 4.
Adjusted Associations Between Personal and Practice Characteristics with Income for Early-Career Family Physicians, 2016–2020: Model 2
Independent Variable Income Coef./(Std. Err.) P value Gender: Woman −$32,236 (1432) 0.001 Ref: Man Weekly Hours Worked $584 (45) 0.001 Degree Type: D.O. $2,531 (1782) 0.156 Ref: M.D. Continuity Care $8,608 (3983) 0.031 Ref: Non-Continuity Care Population Density: Rural $20,762 (2081) 0.001 Ref: Urban Region Midwest −$3,803 (1999) 0.057 Northeast −$16,968 (2350) 0.001 South −$4,016 (1830) 0.028 Ref: West Principal Practice Site Academic Health Center/Faculty Practice −$27,131 (2338) 0.001 Federal −$61,273 (3874) 0.001 Federally Qualified Health Center or Look-Alike −$38,674 (2317) 0.001 Government Clinic, Non-Federal −$34,572 (5678) 0.001 Independently Owned Medical Practice −$13,440 (2222) 0.001 Indian Health Service −$33,132 (7032) 0.001 Managed Care/HMO Practice $4,183 (2928) 0.153 Rural Health Clinic (Federally Qualified) $4,472 (3653) 0.221 Work Site Clinic −$10,144 (6228) 0.103 Other −$20,805 (4750) 0.001 Ref: Hospital/Health System Owned Medical Practice R2 0.200 Abbreviation: HMO, Health maintenance organizations.
Note: Data collected by the ABFM from board-certified Diplomates three years after completing residency. Incomes have been adjusted for inflation using the CPI-U to reflect their value in 2020 dollars.
- Appendix 1.
Characteristics of Early-Career Family Physicians from the National Graduate Survey Including Race and Ethnicity, 2017–2020: Models 1 and 2
Model 1: Incl. Detailed Principal Prof. Activities Number/(%) Model 2: Incl. Principal Practice Site Number/(%) Full Analysis Sample 7,467 (100) 6,277 (100) Gender Man 3,294 (44) 2,615 (42) Woman 4,173 (56) 3,662 (58) Degree Type M.D. 6,002 (80) 4,979 (79) D.O. 1,465 (20) 1,298 (21) Principal Professional Activity Continuity Care 6,075 (81) 6,075 (97) Emergency Medicine 218 (3) Geriatrics 20 (0) Hospitalist 654 (9) Palliative Care 52 (1) Sports Medicine 52 (1) Urgent Care 320 (4) Other 76 (1) Population Density Rural 1,177 (16) 1,018 (16) Urban 6,290 (84) 5,259 (84) Region Midwest 1,775 (24) Northeast 1,006 (13) South 2,558 (34) West 2,128 (28) Principal Practice Site Academic Health Center/Faculty Practice 769 (12) Federal 312 (5) Federally Qualified Health Center or Look-Alike 773 (12) Government Clinic, Non-Federal 94 (1) Hospital/Health System Owned Medical Practice 2,508 (40) Independently Owned Medical Practice 800 (13) Indian Health Service 63 (1) Managed Care/HMO Practice 446 (7) Rural Health Clinic (Federally Qualified) 284 (5) Work Site Clinic 78 (1) Other 150 (2) Racea Asian 1,577 (21) 1,241 (20) Black or African American 544 (7) 421 (7) White 5,114 (68) 4,424 (70) Otherb 232 (3) 191 (3) Ethnicitya Non-Hispanic or Latino 6,836 (92) 5,736 (91) Hispanic or Latino 631 (8) 541 (9) Abbreviation: HMO, Health maintenance organizations.
Note: Data collected by the ABFM from board-certified Diplomates three years after completing residency. Total percentage may not add up to 100 due to rounding.
aData collected on race and ethnicity only available from 2017–2020.
b“Other” includes American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and an explicit “other” category.
- Appendix 2.
Adjusted Associations Between Personal and Practice Characteristics with Income for Early-Career Family Physicians Including Race and Ethnicity, 2017–2020: Model 1
Independent Variable Income Coef./(Std. Err.) P value Gender: Woman −$32,840 (1,673) 0.001 Ref: Man Weekly Hours Worked $505 (45) 0.001 Degree Type: D.O. −$1,182 (2,100) 0.574 Ref: M.D. Principal Professional Activity Emergency Medicine $139,786 (4,920) 0.001 Geriatrics −$13,185 (15,802) 0.404 Hospitalist $54,740 (3,014) 0.001 Palliative Care $3,422 (9,815) 0.727 Sports Medicine $5,033 (9,840) 0.609 Urgent Care $14,159 (4,069) 0.001 Other −$32,741 (8,139) 0.001 Ref: Continuity Care Population Density: Rural $23,072 (2,306) 0.001 Ref: Urban Region Midwest $5,068 (2,302) 0.028 Northeast −$14,648 (2,711) 0.001 South −$492 (2,113) 0.816 Ref: West Race Asian −$417 (2,111) 0.843 Black or African American −$2,033 (3,270) 0.534 Other −$1,477 (4,772) 0.757 Ref: White Ethnicity: Hispanic or Latino $594 (3,033) 0.845 Ref: Not Hispanic or Latino R2 0.236 Abbreviation: HMO, Health maintenance organizations.
Note: Data collected by the ABFM from board-certified Diplomates three years after completing residency. Incomes have been adjusted for inflation using the CPI-U to reflect their value in 2020 dollars.
- Appendix 3.
Adjusted Associations Between Personal and Practice Characteristics with Income for Early-Career Family Physicians Including Race and Ethnicity, 20172020: Model 2
Independent Variable Income Coef./(Std. Err.) P value Gender: Woman −$31,188 (1,615) 0.001 Ref: Man Weekly Hours Worked $683 (52) 0.001 Degree Type: D.O. $1,076 (1,995) 0.590 Ref: M.D. Continuity Care $10,319 (4,560) 0.024 Ref: Non-Continuity Care Population Density: Rural $19,541 (2,370) 0.001 Ref: Urban Region Midwest −$3,803 (1,999) 0.040 Northeast −$16,968 (2,350) 0.001 South −$4,016 (1,830) 0.051 Ref: West Principal Practice Site Academic Health Center/Faculty Practice −$27,454 (2,591) 0.001 Federal −$90,373 (3,819) 0.001 Federally Qualified Health Center or Look-Alike −$38,089 (2,626) 0.001 Government Clinic, Non-Federal −$32,782 (6,551) 0.001 Independently Owned Medical Practice −$14,448 (2,544) 0.001 Indian Health Service −$33,605 (8,109) 0.001 Managed Care/HMO Practice $6,526 (3,328) 0.050 Rural Health Clinic (Federally Qualified) $3,878 (4,111) 0.346 Work Site Clinic −$11,893 (7,172) 0.097 Other −$23,694 (5,293) 0.001 Ref: Hospital/Health System Owned Medical Practice Race Asian −$4,050 (2,081) 0.052 Black or African American −$4,197 (3,267) 0.199 Other −$4,051 (4,661) 0.385 Ref: White Ethnicity: Hispanic or Latino $3,014 (2,912) 0.301 Ref: Not Hispanic or Latino R2 0.208 Abbreviation: HMO, Health maintenance organizations.
Note: Data collected by the ABFM from board-certified Diplomates three years after completing residency. Incomes have been adjusted for inflation using the CPI-U to reflect their value in 2020 dollars.
