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COVID-19 positive COVID-19 negative Total sample Characteristic (n = 4528) (n = 162,955) (n = 167,483) Pa Any of these events occur: pulmonary embolism, cerebral infarction, thromboembolic event (%) 1.4% 1.5% 1.5% 0.517 Age (mean, SD) 48.2 (15.2) 50.5 (15.5) 50.5 (15.5) <0.001 Female (%) 63.4% 62.2% 62.2% 0.107 Race (%) White 85.3% 87.3% 87.2% <0.001 Black 9.2% 6.9% 7.0% Asian 4.0% 4.4% 4.4% Other/missing 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% Hispanic (%) 1.2% 1.1% 1.1% 0.474 English preferred (%) 95.8% 96.4% 96.4% 0.029 Foreign born (%) 9.8% 8.9% 9.0% 0.037 Partnered (%) 58.2% 58.5% 58.5% 0.707 Neighborhood descriptors (mean, SD) Educational distribution Less than high school degree 6.7% (6.6%) 6.2% (6.6%) 6.2% (6.6%) <0.001 High school degree 25.3% (9.9%) 22.9% (10.6%) 23.0% (10.6%) Bachelor’s degree 22.3% (10.5%) 25.1% (11.4%) 25.1% (11.4%) Graduate degree 10.3% (8.0%) 12.9% (9.8%) 12.8% (9.8%) Housing Crowded 97.6% (3.9%) 97.8% (3.8%) 97.8% (3.8%) <0.001 No vehicle 6.1% (8.6%) 5.9% (8.5%) 5.9% (8.5%) 0.109 Under FPL 9.4% (7.9%) 8.6% (7.9%) 8.6% (7.9%) <0.001 Weight status Normal (BMI < 25) 19.4% 26.0% 25.8% <0.001 Overweight (25≤BMI < 30) 30.8% 30.5% 30.5% Obese (BMI ≥ 30) 49.8% 43.5% 43.7% Chronic condition indicators Asthma 12.3% 10.5% 10.6% <0.001 Cancer 6.8% 9.6% 9.5% <0.001 COPD 3.1% 3.9% 3.9% 0.005 Diabetes 14.9% 14.6% 14.7% 0.648 Bronchitis 4.4% 3.6% 3.6% 0.006 Chronic respiratory failure 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.837 Emphysema 1.4% 1.6% 1.6% 0.151 Pulmonary disease 0.8% 1.1% 1.1% 0.144 Tobacco use Never 56.9% 55.6% 55.6% <0.001 Current user 12.0% 15.4% 15.3% Former user 31.2% 29.0% 29.0% Abbreviations: FPL, federal poverty line; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
aP values document statistical significance of the difference between the COVID-19 positive and control populations. These statistics are computed using Pearson chi-square test for categorical variables, and analyses of variance for continuous variables.
- Table 2.
Predicting Venous Thromboembolism: The Impact of a Positive COVID-19 Test Without Hospitalization
Mean 95% CI Propensity score Weighted 0.0010 −0.0210, 0.0231 Unweighted 0.0002 −0.0036, 0.0040 Weighted Unweighted Odds ratio P Odds ratio P Positive COVID-19 test, not hospitalized 1.0704 0.924 1.0144 0.912 Age 1.0300 <0.001 1.0298 <0.001 Female 0.7674 <0.001 0.7575 <0.001 Racea Black 1.8613 <0.001 1.8832 <0.001 Asian 1.1307 0.397 1.1058 0.492 Other/missing 1.3870 0.034 1.3760 0.040 Hispanic 1.2032 0.404 1.2216 0.362 English preferred 0.9857 0.922 0.9570 0.766 Foreign born 0.7071 0.002 0.6981 0.002 Partnered 0.8265 <0.001 0.8189 <0.001 Neighborhood descriptors Educational distributionb High school degree 0.9980 0.561 0.9984 0.633 Bachelor’s degree 0.9960 0.187 0.9963 0.231 Graduate degree 1.0008 0.800 1.0009 0.779 Housing Crowded 0.9997 0.957 0.9997 0.953 No vehicle 1.0031 0.271 1.0032 0.257 Under FPL 0.9989 0.757 0.9989 0.751 Weight statusc Overweight 0.8152 <0.001 0.8163 <0.001 Obese 0.9706 0.565 0.9761 0.643 Chronic condition indicators Asthma 1.0675 0.311 1.0689 0.301 Cancer 1.8921 <0.001 1.8847 <0.001 COPD 1.4306 <0.001 1.4142 <0.001 Diabetes 1.5344 <0.001 1.5350 <0.001 Bronchitis 1.1760 0.060 1.2006 0.033 Chronic respiratory disease 1.5830 0.006 1.6088 0.004 Emphysema 1.2804 0.019 1.3050 0.012 Pulmonary disease 2.0220 <0.001 1.9792 <0.001 Smoking statusd Current smoker 1.3651 <0.001 1.3592 <0.001 Former smoker 1.1009 0.043 1.1100 0.028 Constant 0.0035 <0.001 0.0036 <0.001 Abbreviations: FPL, federal poverty line; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CI, confidnce interval.
Notes: The top panel shows the average treatment effect (change in probability of any event due to a positive COVID-19 test). The bottom panel shows the comparison of propensity score weighted and unweighted odds ratios.
aWhite is reference value.
bLess than high school was omitted.
cNormal is reference value.
dNever is reference value.
