Comparison of In-Person vs. Video Directly Observed Therapy (VDOT) on Stigma Levels in Tuberculosis Patients

Article Figures & Data

Table 1.

The Sociodemographic Features of the Participants and Comparison of Them Between VDOT and DOT Groups

	Main Study Population (N = 82)	VDOT (n = 52)	DOT (n = 30)	P Value
Age (years, mean)	53.21 ± 12.7	47.03 ± 18.8	55.2 ± 14.8	P = .04
Gender
Male	44 (53.6%)	26 (50%)	18 (60%)	P = .260
Female	38 (39.0%)	26 (50%)	12 (40%)
Marital Status
Married	64 (78.0%)	36 (69.2%)	28 (93.3%)	P = .037
Single	16 (18.1%)	14 (26.9%)	2 (6.7%)
Widowed/Divorced	2 (2.2%)	2 (3.8%)	0 (0%)
Educational Status
Literate	22 (26.8%)	16 (30.8%)	6 (20.0%)	P = .005
Primary school	34 (41.4%)	26 (50.0%)	8 (26.7%)
High school	10 (12.1%)	2 (3.8%)	8 (26.7%)
University	16 (19.5%)	8 (15.4%)	8 (26.7%)
Family Type
Nucleus	66 (80.4%)	38 (73.1%)	28 (93.3%)	P = .017
Extended	12 (14.6%)	12 (23.1%)	0
Broken	4 (4.8%)	2 (3.8%)	2 (6.7%)
Income^**
<Minimum Wage	25 (30.4%)	19 (42.3%)	6 (20%)	P = .072
Minimum Wage	14 (17.0%)	7 (3.8%)	7 (0%)
>Minimum Wage	43 (52.4%)	26 (53.8%)	17 (80%)
Employment
Yes	28 (34.1%)	14 (26.9%)	14 (46.7%)	P = .058
No	54 (65.8%)	38 (73.1)	16 (53.9%)
Social Insurance
Yes	64 (78.0%)	36 (69.2%)	28 (93.3%)	P = .009
No	18 (22.05)	16 (30.8%)	2 (6.7%)
Smoking Status
Smoker	22 (26.8%)	12 (23.1%)	10 (33.3%)	P = .561
Non-smoker	38 (46.3%)	26 (50.0%)	12 (40.0%)
Ex-smoker	22 (26.85)	14 (26.9%)	8 (26.7)
Alcohol Status (drinking regularly)
Yes	6 (7.3%)	4 (7.7%)	2 (6.7%)	P = .617
No	76 (92.6%)	48 (92.3%)	28 (93.3%)

Table 2.

The Disease Features of the Study Group and Comparison of Them Between VDOT and DOT Groups

Variable	Main Study Population (N = 82)	VDOT (n = 52)	DOT (n = 30)	P Value
Disease Status
Newly Diagnosed	76 (92.6)	48 (92.3%)	28 (93.3%)	P = .210
Recurrence	6 (7.3)	4 (7.6%)	2 (6.7%)
TB location
Lung	60 (73.1)	36 (69.2%)	24 (73.3%)	P = .487
Other than lung	22 (26.8)	16 (30.8%)	6 (26.7%)
TB duration (months)
0 to 2	32 (39.0)	18 (34.6%)	14 (46.7%)	P = .556
3 to 6	36 (43.9)	24 (46.2%)	12 (40.0%)
6 to 12	12 (14.6)	8 (15.4%)	4 (13.3%)
>12	2 (2.4)	2 (3.8%)	0 (0%)
Any other TB patients among 1^st/2^nd degree relatives?
Yes	24 (29.2)	18 (34.6%)	6 (20.0%)	P = .124
No	58 (70.7)	34 (65.4%)	24 (80%)
Chronic disease (Yes)
Diabetes Mellitus	22 (26.8%)	12 (23.1%)	10 (33.3%)	P = .225
Cardiovascular Disease	28 (34.1%)	16 (30.8%)	12 (40.0%)	P = .271
GIS	9 (10.9%)	6 (11.5%)	3 (10%)	P = .374
Rheumatic diseases	16 (19.5%)	8 (15.4%)	8 (26.7%)	P = .170
Infectious Diseases	8 (9.7%)	5 (9.6%)	3 (10%)	P = .125

Abbreviations: VDOT, video observed therapy; DOT, directly observed therapy; TB, tuberculosis; GIS, Geographic Information Systems.

Table 3.

The Mean SSTB and Subdimension Scores in the Main Study Group and Comparison of Them Between VDOT and DOT Groups

Variable	Main Study Population (N = 82)	VDOT (n = 52)	DOT (n = 32)	P Value
Total SSTB score	88.21 ± 12.8	81.69 ± 13.58	88.69 ± 8.4	0.06
Perceived stigma	36.1 ± 3.7	33.3 ± 6.05	36.13 ± 3.2	0.008
Internalized stigma	23.7 ± 2.2	18.15 ± 2.7	23.13 ± 3.1	<0.001
Self-perception	22.0 ± 2.5	16.5 ± 2.8	22.0 ± 2.5	<0.001
Family/friends relationship	18.1 ± 2.3		12.5 ± 3.3	<0.001

Abbreviations: VDOT, video observed therapy; DOT, directly observed therapy; SSTB, stigmata scale in patients with tuberculosis.

Table 5.

The Linear Regression Model Predicting Variables Affecting SSTB Perceived Stigma Scores

Predictor Variable	B (95% CI)	t	P Value	R	R²	F (p)
Age	−0.074 (−0.137/0.011)	−2.337	0.022	0.408	0.167	5.195 (0.003)
Male gender	−5.263 (−10.473/−0.052)	−2.011	0.048	0.408	0.167	5.195 (0.003)
VDOT*	−8.186 (−13.720/−2.652)	−2.295	0.004

Abbreviations: SSTB, Stigmata Scale in Patients with Tuberculosis; CI, confidence interval; VDOT, video observed therapy.

Table 6.

The Linear Regression Model Predicting Variables Affecting SSTB Internalized Stigma Subdimension Scores

Predictor Variable	B (95% CI)	t	P Value	R	R²	F (p)
Age	−0.032 (−0.068/0.005)	−1.734	0.087	0.664	0.441	20.488 (<0.001)
Male gender	−0.133 (−1.401/−1.134)	−0.209	0.835	0.664	0.441	20.488 (<0.001)
VDOT*	−7.818 (−6.633/−3.941)	−8.456	<0.001

Abbreviations: SSTB, Stigmata Scale in Patients with Tuberculosis; CI, confidence interval; VDOT, video observed therapy.

Table 7.

The Linear Regression Model Predicting Variables Affecting SSTB Self-Perception Stigma Subdimension Scores

Predictor Variable	B (95% CI)	t	P Value	R	R²	F (p)
Age	−0.003 (−0.032/0.038)	−1.186	0.853	0.703	0.494	3.962 (0.011)
Male gender	−0.551 (−1.774/−0.672)	−0.897	0.373	0.703	0.494	3.962 (0.011)
VDOT*	−5.518 (−6.817/−4.219)	−8.456	<0.001

Abbreviations: SSTB, Stigmata Scale in Patients with Tuberculosis; CI, confidence interval; VDOT, video observed therapy.

Table 8.

The Linear Regression Model Predicting Variables Affecting SSTB Family/Friend’s Stigma Subdimension Scores

Predictor Variable	B (95% CI)	t	P Value	R	R²	F (p)
Age	−0.017 (−0.032/0.038)	0.866	0.853	0.678	0.459	22.072 (<0.001)
Male gender	−0.601 (−1.949/0.748)	−0.887	0.373	0.678	0.459	22.072 (<0.001)
VDOT*	−5.530 (−6.963/−4.098)	−7.687	<0.001