Article Figures & Data
Tables
Type 2 Diabetes (D) SARS-CoV-2 Hospitalized (H) Respiratory Illness (R) P Value n = 50 n = 41 n = 41 Age (years), mean, SD 61.17 12.61 * 58.49 10.93 50.50 19.65 * <0.05 Race (n, %) White 42 84.0 * 19 48.7 * 32 78.1 <0.01 Black 3 6.0 15 38.5 7 17.1 Other (Hispanic, Asian, Alaska Native, American Indian, MENA, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, multirace) 5 10.0 5 12.8 2 4.9 Gender (n, %) <0.05 Female 31 68.0 * 17 41.5 * 25 60.1 Male 16 32.0 24 58.5 16 39.0 Partner status (n, %) NS Partnered 30 61.2 28 68.3 29 70.7 Single 19 38.8 13 31.7 12 29.3 Occupation (n, %) NS Employed 12 26.7 15 41.7 18 46.2 Student 1 2.2 0 0.0 2 5.1 Unemployed 7 15.6 5 13.9 2 5.1 Retired/disabled 25 55.6 16 44.4 17 43.6 Income (n, %) Under $10K 4 8.5 3 7.9 3 7.3 NS $10K-$49,999 9 19.2 6 15.8 15 36.6 $50K-$99,999 21 44.7 15 39.5 15 36.6 $100,000+ 13 27.7 14 36.8 8 19.5 Education (n, %) NS High school or less 9 18.0 3 7.5 6 14.6 Some college 16 32.0 15 37.5 11 26.8 Completed college 11 22.0 13 32.5 15 36.6 Postcollege 14 28.0 9 22.5 9 22.0 Insurance (n, %) NS Private 29 58.0 25 61.0 21 51.2 Federal (Medicaid, Medicare, tribal) 20 40.0 16 39.0 20 48.8 None 1 2.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Length of time with PCP (n, %) NS 3 or fewer years 18 36.0 15 37.5 14 34.2 More than 3 years 32 64.0 25 62.5 27 65.9 Number in household (n, %) NS 2 or fewer persons 33 66.0 26 66.7 22 55.0 More than 2 persons 17 34.0 13 33.3 18 45.0 Tobacco use (n, %) NS Current/ever 11 22.5 10 24.4 17 41.5 Never 38 77.6 31 75.6 24 58.5 ↵* Significant two-way comparisons by post hoc testing.
NS, not significant; PCP, primary care physician; SD, standard deviation.
Type 2 Diabetes (D) SARS-CoV-2 Hospitalized (H) Respiratory Illness (R) P Value n = 50 n = 41 n = 41 Change in general health over the past year‡ (mean, SD) 43.5 19.4 * 28.7 22.8 *† 43.3 26.8 † <0.01 Compared to the general population mean score of 59.14 (SD 23.12) (P value) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 How much of the change is attributed to COVID?§ (mean, SD) 3.9 1.2 * 4.7 1.4 *† 3.7 1.6 † <0.01 Type 2 Diabetes (D) SARS-CoV-2 Hospitalized (H) Respiratory Illness (R) P Value n = 50 n = 41 n = 41 Physical functioning (mean, SD) Vigorous activities, such as such as at-home biking or running, lifting heavy objects, participating in strenuous activities 53.0 37 *‡ 29.3 31.6 * 35.4 37.5 ‡ <0.01 Moderate activities, such as moving a table, pushing a vacuum cleaner, raking leaves, or lawn work 69.0 36.3 * 42.7 32.7 * 57.3 38.0 <0.01 Lifting or carrying groceries 77.0 32.3 * 54.9 40.0 * 63.4 40.3 <0.05 Climbing several flights of stairs 69.0 37.6 *‡ 28.0 33.6 * 40.2 39.1 ‡ <0.001 Climbing one flight of stairs 83.0 29.6 *‡ 52.4 40.2 * 64.6 35.8 ‡ <0.001 Bending, kneeling, or stooping 64.0 36.5 48.8 34.4 63.4 37.1 Walking more than a mile (around 2000 steps) 61.0 42.0 *‡ 31.7 38.3 * 40.2 40.7 ‡ <0.001 Walking several blocks (around 600 to 1000 steps) 62.0 42.3 45.1 43.1 46.3 42.4 Walking one block (around 100 steps) 79.0 36.5 * 59.8 39.1 * 75.6 37.3 <0.05 Bathing or dressing yourself 93.0 17.5 * 74.4 31.9 *† 87.8 24.4 † <0.01 Summary score 71.0 27.6 * 46.7 28.5 * 57.4 30.3 <0.001 Compared to general population mean score of 70.6 (SD 27.42) (P value) NS P>0.001 0.008 Role limitations due to physical health (mean, SD) Cut down the amount of time you spent on work or other activities 54.0 50.3 * 19.5 40.1 *† 48.8 50.6 † <0.01 Accomplished less than you would like 42.0 49.9 * 14.6 35.8 * 36.6 48.8 <0.05 Were limited in the kind of work or other activities 50.0 50.5 * 12.2 33.1 *† 43.9 50.2 † <0.001 Had difficulty performing the work or other activities (eg, it took extra effort) 44.0 50.1 * 19.5 40.1 *† 46.3 50.5 † <0.05 Summary score 47.5 42.3 * 16.5 28.3 *† 43.9 43.6 † <0.001 Compared to general population mean score of 52.97 (SD 40.78) (P value) NS 0.000 NS Role limitations due to emotional issues Cut down the amount of time you spent on work or other activities 48.0 50.5 *‡ 22.0 41.9 * 56.1 50.2 ‡ <0.01 Accomplished less than you would like 44.0 50.1 *‡ 17.1 38.1 * 41.5 49.9 ‡ <0.05 Didn't do work or other activities as carefully as usual 60.0 49.5 39.0 49.4 58.5 49.9 Summary score 50.7 45.8 * 26.0 37.6 *† 52.0 44.1 † <0.01 Compared to general population mean score of 65.78 (SD 40.71) (P value) 0.024 0.000 NS Energy/fatigue (mean, SD) Did you feel full of pep? 42.8 26.2 35.6 25.5 33.2 26.3 Did you have a lot of energy? 34.0 24.3 30.7 24.1 37.6 25.0 Did you feel worn out? 58.0 28.4 52.2 26.8 46.8 30.5 Did you feel tired? 50.4 28.1 * 38.5 25.4 37.1 26.3 * <0.05 Summary score 46.3 21.8 39.3 20.9 38.7 21.0 NS Compared to general population mean score of 52.15 (SD 22.39) (P value) NS 0.000 0.000 Emotional well-being (mean, SD) Have you been a very nervous person? 68.4 26.8 69.8 32.6 66.0 35.4 Have you felt so down in the dumps that nothing could cheer you up? 75.6 26.6 78.0 27.1 78.0 27.5 Have you felt calm and peaceful? 49.2 25.0 44.9 28.6 48.8 28.3 Have you felt downhearted and blue? 68.4 26.8 64.4 28.1 69.3 24.9 Have you been a happy person? 61.2 28.4 59.0 24.5 60.5 24.3 Summary score 64.6 23.4 63.2 22.4 64.5 18.7 NS Compared to general population mean score of 70.38 (SD 21.97) (P value) NS 0.047 NS Social functioning (mean, SD) Over and above current COVID-19 social distancing guidelines, during the past 4 months, how much time has your physical health or emotional problems interfered with your social activities (like calling family, friends, relatives, connecting by social media, etc.)? 62.5 30.8 47.0 31.7 57.3 32.7 Over and above current COVID-19 social distancing guidelines, during the past 4 months, to what extent has your physical health or emotional problems interfered with your contacting family, friends, neighbors, or other social groups? 63.5 30.0 56.7 28.5 56.7 27.4 Summary score 63.0 27.5 51.8 26.1 57.0 27.4 NS Compared to general population mean score of 78.77 (25.43) (P value) 0.000 0.000 0.000 Pain (mean, SD) How much bodily pain have you had during the past 4 months? 67.5 26.4 52.4 30.5 60.4 30.6 During the past 4 months, how much did pain interfere with your normal activities (including both work outside the home and housework)? 58.0 27.2 45.4 24.5 51.7 27.2 Summary score 62.7 25.1 * 48.9 26.1 * 56 27.3 <0.05 Compared to general population mean score of 70.77 (SD 25.46) (P value) 0.029 0.000 0.001 General health (mean, SD) In general, would you say your health is (1, excellent to 5, poor scale) 47.5 20.4 37.2 23.1 39.0 21.0 I seem to get sick a little easier than other people 69.5 30.0 62.2 31.2 36.6 33.1 I am as healthy as anybody I know 49.5 26.5 46.3 31.4 35.4 27.4 I expect my health to get worse 60.5 31.2 * 66.5 27.2 † 54.3 32.1 *† <0.001 My health is excellent 39.5 32.0 36.0 33.6 34.8 32.1 Summary score 53.3 23.5 * 49.6 22.9 40.0 21.2 * <0.05 Compared to general population mean score of 56.99 (SD 21.11) (P value) NS 0.046 0.000 - Table 4.
Linear Regression Models Predicting Quality of Life by Domain Adjusted for Age, Gender, Race, and Population Group
Physical Functioning Role Limitations Due to Physical Health Energy/Fatigue ß Parameter 95% LL 95% UL P Value ß Parameter 95% LL 95% UL P Value ß Parameter 95% LL 95% UL P Value Age (years) −0.64 −1.01 −0.27 <0.0001 −0.17 −0.68 0.34 0.51 0.24 −0.02 0.51 0.07 Gender Referent: Male 0.00 0.00 0.00 Female 10.62 −0.82 22.05 0.07 8.68 −7.04 24.40 0.28 3.78 −4.43 12.00 0.36 Race Referent: White 0.00 0.00 0.00 Black −10.94 −26.00 4.13 0.15 0.94 −19.77 21.65 0.93 14.96 4.15 25.78 0.01 Other −1.63 −22.67 19.41 0.88 −3.90 −32.82 25.03 0.79 3.68 −11.43 18.80 0.63 Group Referent: Respiratory 0.00 0.00 0.00 Diabetic 14.50 0.10 28.89 0.05 −2.80 −22.58 16.99 0.78 3.14 −7.20 13.48 0.55 COVID hospitalized 2.81 −11.59 17.20 0.70 −19.41 −39.20 0.38 .05 −3.34 −13.68 6.99 0.52 Role Limitations Due to Emotional Issues Emotional Well-Being Social Functioning ß Parameter 95% LL 95% UL P Value ß Parameter 95% LL 95% UL P Value ß Parameter 95% LL 95% UL P Value Age (years) −0.24 −0.81 0.33 0.41 0.46 0.21 0.70 <0.0001 −0.03 −0.38 0.32 0.87 Gender Referent: Male 0.00 0.00 0.00 Female 0.09 −17.41 17.59 0.99 −4.16 −11.78 3.46 0.28 10.16 −0.52 20.84 0.06 Race Referent: White 0.00 0.00 0.00 Black 4.26 −18.79 27.31 0.71 13.50 3.46 23.53 0.01 6.22 −7.85 20.29 0.38 Other 14.22 −17.98 46.42 0.38 1.07 −12.95 15.08 0.88 7.19 −12.46 26.85 0.47 Group Referent: Respiratory 0.00 0.00 0.00 Diabetic −2.67 −24.70 19.36 0.81 −2.88 −12.46 6.71 0.55 6.23 −7.22 19.67 0.36 COVID hospitalized −25.93 −47.96 −3.90 0.02 −7.98 −17.57 1.61 0.10 −4.97 −18.42 8.48 0.46 Pain Current General Health Change in Health Status ß Parameter 95% LL 95% UL P Value ß Parameter 95% LL 95% UL P Value ß Parameter 95% LL 95% UL P Value Age (years) −0.20 −0.54 0.14 0.24 0.15 −0.14 0.45 0.31 −0.15 −0.45 0.15 0.33 Gender Referent: Male 0.00 0.00 0.00 Female 14.28 3.76 24.79 0.01 4.12 −5.07 13.32 0.38 5.90 −3.36 15.16 0.21 Race Referent: White 0.00 0.00 0.00 Black 2.02 −11.83 15.87 0.77 −1.92 −14.03 10.19 0.75 12.17 −0.03 24.37 0.05 Other 5.40 −13.94 24.75 0.58 −3.76 −20.67 13.16 0.66 −0.59 −17.63 16.44 0.94 Group Referent: Respiratory 0.00 0.00 0.00 Diabetic 3.08 −10.16 16.31 0.65 11.10 −0.47 22.68 0.06 1.42 −10.23 13.08 0.81 COVID hospitalized −3.37 −16.61 9.86 0.61 11.94 0.37 23.52 0.04 −15.29 −26.95 −3.64 0.01 There were no significant interaction terms among age, gender, race, and group.
LL, lower limit; UL, upper limit.
