Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Current Issue
    • COVID-19
    • Ahead of Print
    • Archives
    • Abstracts In Press
    • Editors' Blog
    • Email Alerts
  • Info For
    • Authors
    • Reviewers
    • Subscribers
    • Advertisers
  • SUBMIT
    • Manuscript
    • Peer Review
  • About
    • The JABFM
    • Editorial Board
    • Indexing
  • Classifieds
  • More
    • Email Alerts
    • Feedback
    • ABFM News
    • Folders
    • Help
  • Other Publications
    • abfm

User menu

Search

  • Advanced search
American Board of Family Medicine
  • Other Publications
    • abfm
American Board of Family Medicine

American Board of Family Medicine

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Current Issue
    • COVID-19
    • Ahead of Print
    • Archives
    • Abstracts In Press
    • Editors' Blog
    • Email Alerts
  • Info For
    • Authors
    • Reviewers
    • Subscribers
    • Advertisers
  • SUBMIT
    • Manuscript
    • Peer Review
  • About
    • The JABFM
    • Editorial Board
    • Indexing
  • Classifieds
  • More
    • Email Alerts
    • Feedback
    • ABFM News
    • Folders
    • Help
  • JABFM On Twitter
  • JABFM On YouTube
  • JABFM On Facebook
Research ArticleArticle

Professionalism, Communities of Practice, and Medicine’s Social Contract

Richard L. Cruess and Sylvia R. Cruess
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine September 2020, 33 (Supplement) S50-S56; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2020.S1.190417
Richard L. Cruess
the Institute for Health Sciences Education, Lady Meredith House, McGill University, Quebec, Canada.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Sylvia R. Cruess
the Institute for Health Sciences Education, Lady Meredith House, McGill University, Quebec, Canada.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

References

  1. 1.↵
    Oxford English dictionary. 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1989.
  2. 2.↵
    1. Kearney M
    . A place of healing: working with suffering in living and dying. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2000.
  3. 3.↵
    1. Flores A
    1. Ihara CK
    . Collegiality as a professional virtue. In Flores A, ed. Professional ideals. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth; 1988, pp. 56–65.
  4. 4.↵
    1. Pellegrino ED,
    2. Pellegrino AA
    . Humanism and ethics in Roman medicine: translation and commentary on a text of Scribonius Largus. Lit Med 1988;7:22–38.
    OpenUrl
  5. 5.↵
    1. Krause E
    . Death of the guilds: profession. States and the advance of capitalism, 1930 to the present. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 1996.
  6. 6.↵
    1. Starr P
    . The social transformation of American medicine. New York, NY: Basic Books; 1982.
  7. 7.↵
    1. Cruess RL,
    2. Cruess SR
    . Teaching medicine as a profession in the service of healing. Acad Med 1997;72:941–52.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  8. 8.↵
    1. Barzun J
    . The professions under siege. Harpers 1978;236:61–8.
    OpenUrl
  9. 9.↵
    1. Sullivan W
    . Work and integrity: the crisis and promise of professionalism in North America. New York, NY: Harper Collins; 1995.
  10. 10.↵
    1. Hodges BD,
    2. Ginsburg S,
    3. Cruess R,
    4. et al
    . Assessment of professionalism: recommendations from the Ottawa 2010 Conference. Med Teach 2011;33:354–63.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  11. 11.↵
    1. Ho MJ
    . Culturally sensitive medical professionalism. Acad Med 2013;88:1014.
    OpenUrl
  12. 12.↵
    1. Ho MJ,
    2. Lin CW,
    3. Chiu YT,
    4. Lingard L,
    5. Ginsburg S
    . A cross-cultural study of students’ approaches to professional dilemmas: sticks or ripples. Med Ed 2012;46:245–56.
    OpenUrl
  13. 13.↵
    1. Al-Eraky MM,
    2. Donkers J,
    3. Wajid G,
    4. van Merrienboer JJG
    . A Delphi study of medical professionalism in Arabian countries: the four-gates model. Med Teach 2014;36:S8–S16.
    OpenUrl
  14. 14.↵
    1. Cruess RL,
    2. Cruess SR
    . Expectations and obligations: professionalism and medicine’s social contract with society. Perspect Biol Med 2008;51:579–98.
    OpenUrl
  15. 15.↵
    1. Rawls J
    . Justice as fairness: a restatement. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 2003.
  16. 16.↵
    1. Donaldson T,
    2. Dunfee TW
    . Ties that bind in business ethics: a social contracts approach to business ethics. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Business School Press; 1999.
  17. 17.↵
    1. Cruess RL,
    2. Cruess SR
    . Professionalism and medicine's social contract. In Establishing transdisciplinary professionalism for improving health outcomes. Washington DC: National Academies Press; 2014, 75–86
  18. 18.↵
    Oxford dictionary of philosophy. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press; 1996.
  19. 19.↵
    1. Klein R
    . Regulating the medical profession: doctors and the public interest. Healthcare UK. 1997/1998. London, UK: King’s Fund; 1998.
  20. 20.↵
    1. Merton RK,
    2. Reader LG,
    3. Kendall PL
    1. Merton RK
    . Some preliminaries to a sociology of medical education. In Merton RK, Reader LG, Kendall PL, eds. The student physician: introductory studies in the sociology of medical education. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press; 1957, 3–79.
  21. 21.↵
    1. Daniels N
    . Just health care. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2008.
  22. 22.↵
    1. Emanuel EJ,
    2. Emanuel LL
    . Four models of the patient-physician relationship. JAMA 1992;267:2221–6.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  23. 23.↵
    1. Pellegrino ED
    . The medical profession as a moral community. Bulletin N.Y. Academic Medicine 1990;66:221–32.
    OpenUrl
  24. 24.↵
    1. Lave J,
    2. Wenger E
    . Situated learning. Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1991.
  25. 25.↵
    1. Barab SA,
    2. Barnett M,
    3. Squire A
    . Developing an empirical account of a community of practice: characterizing the essential tensions. J Learn Sci 2002;11:489–542.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  26. 26.↵
    1. Cruess RL,
    2. Cruess SR,
    3. Boudreau DB,
    4. Snell L,
    5. Steinert Y
    . A schematic representation of the professional identity formation and socialization of medical students and residents: a guide for medical educators. Acad Med 2015;90:718–25.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  27. 27.↵
    1. Wenger-Trayner E,
    2. Fenton-O’Creevy M,
    3. Hutchison S,
    4. Kubiak C,
    5. Wenger-Trayner B
    1. Wenger-Trayner E,
    2. Wenger-Trayner B
    . Learning in a landscape of practice. In Wenger-Trayner E, Fenton-O’Creevy M, Hutchison S, Kubiak C, Wenger-Trayner B. Learning in a landscape of practice: a framework. London, UK: Routledge; 2015, 13–31.
  28. 28.↵
    1. Swanwick T,
    2. O’Brien B,
    3. Forrest K
    1. Cruess SR,
    2. Cruess RL
    . Development of a professional identity. In Understanding medical education. 3rd ed. Swanwick T, O’Brien B, Forrest K, eds. London, UK: John Wiley & Sons; 2019, 239–54.
  29. 29.↵
    1. Ludmerer KM
    . Let me heal. The opportunity to preserve excellence in American medicine. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2015.
  30. 30.↵
    1. Blackmore C
    1. Wenger E
    . Conceptual tools for COPs as social learning systems: boundaries, identity, trajectories and participation. In Blackmore C, ed. Social learning systems and communities of practice. London, UK: Springer; 2010, 125–44.
  31. 31.↵
    1. Hafferty FW,
    2. McKinley JB
    . The changing medical profession: an international perspective. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 1993.
  32. 32.↵
    1. Stevens R
    . Public roles for the medical profession in the United States: beyond theories of decline and fall. Milbank Q 2001;79:327–53.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  33. 33.↵
    1. Lesser EL,
    2. Storck J
    . Communities of practice and organizational performance. IBM Syst J 2001;40:831–41.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  34. 34.↵
    1. Frost HD,
    2. Regehr G
    . “I am a doctor”: negotiating the discourses of standardization and diversity in professional identity construction. Acad Med 2013;88:1570–7.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  35. 35.↵
    1. Bourdieu P,
    2. Passeron JC
    . Reproduction in education, society, and culture. 2nd ed. London, UK: Sage Publishing; 1990.
  36. 36.↵
    1. Beagan B
    . Every day classism in medical school: experiencing marginality and resistance. Med Educ 2005;39:777–84.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  37. 37.↵
    1. McKenna KM,
    2. Hashimoto DA,
    3. Maguire MS,
    4. Bynum WE
    . The missing link: connection is the key to resilience in medical education. Acad Med 2016;91:1197–9.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  38. 38.↵
    1. Dyrbe LN,
    2. West CP,
    3. Satele D,
    4. et al
    . Burnout among US medical students, residents and early career physicians relative to the general US population. Acad Med 2014;89:443–51.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  39. 39.↵
    1. Pellegrino ED,
    2. Relman A
    . Professional medical associations: ethical and practical guidelines. JAMA 1999;282:984–6.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  40. 40.↵
    1. Freidson E
    . Professionalism: the third logic. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 2001.
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

The Journal of the American Board of Family   Medicine: 33 (Supplement)
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
Vol. 33, Issue Supplement
September-October 2020
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
  • Cover (PDF)
  • Index by author
  • Front Matter (PDF)
Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on American Board of Family Medicine.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Professionalism, Communities of Practice, and Medicine’s Social Contract
(Your Name) has sent you a message from American Board of Family Medicine
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the American Board of Family Medicine web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
1 + 2 =
Solve this simple math problem and enter the result. E.g. for 1+3, enter 4.
Citation Tools
Professionalism, Communities of Practice, and Medicine’s Social Contract
Richard L. Cruess, Sylvia R. Cruess
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Sep 2020, 33 (Supplement) S50-S56; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2020.S1.190417

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Professionalism, Communities of Practice, and Medicine’s Social Contract
Richard L. Cruess, Sylvia R. Cruess
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Sep 2020, 33 (Supplement) S50-S56; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2020.S1.190417
del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • The Healer and the Professional
    • The Social Contract
    • Medicine’s Community of Practice and Social Negotiations
    • What Principles Should Guide Social Negotiations?
    • Notes
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • How Should Board Certification Evolve?
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Continuing Board Certification: Seeing Our Way Forward
  • The American Board of Family Medicine: Celebrating 50 Years of Continuing Transformation
Show more ARTICLE

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • Contracts
  • Delivery of Health Care
  • Health Policy
  • Medical Education
  • Professionalism
  • Social Justice

Navigate

  • Home
  • Current Issue
  • Past Issues

Authors & Reviewers

  • Info For Authors
  • Info For Reviewers
  • Submit A Manuscript/Review

Other Services

  • Get Email Alerts
  • Classifieds
  • Reprints and Permissions

Other Resources

  • Forms
  • Contact Us

© 2021 American Board of Family Medicine

Powered by HighWire