Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Percent of Buprenorphine prescribers within Specialty for medicare beneficiaries, 2013–2016.
- Figure 2.
Share of Buprenorphine prescribers by Specialty for medicare beneficiaries, 2013–2016.
Tables
- Table 1.
Characteristics of Medicare Part D Outpatient Providers by Prescriber Status, 2013 to 2016
Characteristic Prescribers of Buprenorphine, # (%) Non-Prescribers of Buprenorphine, # (%) Total Primary Care Providers, # (100%) Total 11,818 (2.2) 533,905 (97.8) 545,723 Specialty Family Practice 6,891 (2.4) 280,502 (97.6) 287,393 Internal Medicine 4,255 (1.8) 237,891 (98.2) 242,146 General Practice 672 (4.2) 15,512 (95.8) 16,184 Gender Male 9,177 (2.6) 339,010 (97.4) 348,187 Female 2,641 (1.3) 194,895 (98.7) 197,536 Degree Type Allopath 9,684 (2.0) 466,682 (98.0) 476,366 Osteopath 2,134 (3.1) 67,223 (96.9) 69,357 Medical School Type USMG 10,414 (2.2) 467,959 (97.8) 478,373 IMG 1,404 (2.1) 65,946 (97.9) 67,350 Region Northeast 4,032 (3.7) 103,550 (96.3) 107,582 Midwest 2,007 (1.6) 121,093 (98.4) 123,100 South 3,809 (2.1) 180,015 (97.9) 183,824 West 1,970 (1.5) 129,247 (98.5) 131,217 Rurality Urban 10,091 (2.1) 470,514 (97.9) 480,605 Rural 1,727 (2.7) 63,391 (97.3) 65,118 Years Since Medical School <10 732 (1.4) 52,822 (98.6) 53,554 10 to 14 1,164 (1.8) 65,225 (98.2) 66,389 15 to 19 1,653 (1.9) 85,603 (98.1) 87,256 20 to 29 3,561 (2.3) 154,105 (97.7) 157,666 30+ 4,708 (2.6) 176,150 (97.4) 180,858 Number of Medicare Patients 30 to 50 643 (3.1) 19,956 (96.9) 20,599 50 to 200 4,027 (2.3) 170,394 (97.7) 174,421 200 to 500 5,274 (2.1) 246,462 (97.9) 251,736 >500 1,874 (1.9) 97,093 (98.1) 98,967 Share of Medicare Patients who are Dual Eligible <35% of Patients Dual Eligible 4,707 (1.3) 357,495 (98.7) 362,202 35+% of Patients Dual Eligible 7,111 (3.9) 176,410 (96.1) 183,521 Share of Medicare Patients who are White <75% of Patients White 3,927 (2.1) 181,786 (97.9) 185,713 75%+ of Patients White 7,891 (2.2) 352,119 (97.8) 360,010 Medicare Beneficiary Average HCC Risk Score 0.442–1.0551 1,942 (1.3) 141,964 (98.7) 143,906 1.0552–1.2043 2,743 (2.0) 134,335 (98.0) 137,078 1.2044–1.4128 3,576 (2.8) 125,077 (97.2) 128,653 1.4129–9.1466 3,557 (2.6) 132,529 (97.4) 136,086 IMG, International Medical School Graduate; USMG, US Medical School Graduate; HCC, Hierarchical Condition Category.
- Table 2.
Multivariate Logistic Regression Results for Odds of Buprenorphine Prescriber Status Based on 2013 to 2016 Medicare Part D Public Use File Data
Odds Ratio (Standard Error) Specialty Family Medicine REF Internal Medicine 0.689*** (0.0263) General Practice 1.265*** (0.0953) Gender Male REF Female 0.512*** (0.0208) Degree Type Allopathic REF Osteopathic 1.341*** (0.0619) Rurality Urban REF Rural 0.968 (0.0482) Region Northeast REF Midwest 0.442*** (0.0227) South 0.550*** (0.0239) West 0.437*** (0.0221) Medical School Type Domestic REF International 0.818*** (0.0436) Years Since Medical School <10 REF 10 to 14 1.420*** (0.0958) 15 to 19 1.602*** (0.108) 20 to 29 1.890*** (0.120) 30+ 1.935*** (0.123) Number of Medicare Patients 30 to 50 REF 50 to 200 0.846*** (0.0506) 200 to 500 0.790*** (0.0487) >500 0.678*** (0.0476) Medicare Beneficiary Average HCC Risk Score 0.4420–1.0551 REF 1.0552–1.2043 1.274*** (0.0516) 1.2044–1.4128 1.486*** (0.0682) 1.4129–9.1466 1.165*** (0.0585) Share of Patients who are Dual Eligible <35% Patients Dual Eligible REF >35% Patients Dual Eligible 3.518*** (0.139) Share of Patients who are White <75% Patients White REF >75% Patients White 1.622*** (0.0640) Year 2013 REF 2014 1.141*** (0.0149) 2015 1.227*** (0.0199) 2016 1.368*** (0.0245) Constant 0.0106*** (0.00109) Observations 545,723 ↵*** P < .01, **P < .05, *P < .1.
USMG, US Medical School Graduate; IMG, International Medical School Graduate, HCC, Hierarchical Condition Category; REF, “reference” point for the odds ratio comparisons within the regression model.
Generic Equivalents Brand Equivalents Part D (Generic Name) Part D (Brand Name) Buprenorphine HCl N/A BUPRENORPHINE HCL BUPRENORPHINE HCL Buprenex BUPRENORPHINE HCL BUPRENEX Subutex – – Sublocade – – Belbuca BELBUCA BUPRENORPHINE HCL Buprenorphine Transdermal Butrans BUPRENORPHINE BUTRANS Buprenorphine Subdermal Probuphine N/A N/A Buprenophine + Naloxone N/A BUPRENORPHINE HCL/NALOXONE HCL BUPRENORPHINE-NALOXONE Suboxone BUPRENORPHINE HCL/NALOXONE HCL SUBOXONE Zubsolv BUPRENORPHINE HCL/NALOXONE HCL ZUBSOLV Bunavail BUPRENORPHINE HCL/NALOXONE HCL BUNAVAIL - Appendix Table B.
Prescribers of Buprenorphine in Medicare Part D by Specialty, 2013 to 2016
Specialty Buprenorphine Prescriber Year P Value 2013 2014 2015 2016 Total Family Medicine No 68,040 (97.9) 69,821 (97.7) 70,651 (97.5) 71,990 (97.3) 280,502 (97.6) <0.001 Yes 1,492 (2.1) 1,652 (2.3) 1,783 (2.5) 1,964 (2.7) 6,891 (2.4) Total 69,532 (100) 71,473 (100) 72,434 (100) 73,954 (100) 287,393 (100) General Practice No 4,148 (96.5) 3,981 (95.9) 3,759 (95.7) 3,624 (95.2) 15,512 (95.8) 0.049 Yes 152 (3.5) 170 (4.1) 169 (4.3) 181 (4.8) 672 (4.2) Total 4,300 (100) 4,151 (100) 3,928 (100) 3,805 (100) 16,184 (100) Internal Medicine No 59,028 (98.5) 59,771 (98.3) 59,586 (98.2) 59,506 (98.0) 237,891 (98.2) <0.001 Yes 886 (1.5) 1,026 (1.7) 1,116 (1.8) 1,227 (2.0) 4,255 (1.8) Total 59,914 (100) 60,797 (100) 60,702 (100) 60,733 (100) 242,146 (100) Psychiatry No 11,665 (90.5) 11,790 (89.8) 11,794 (89.8) 11,685 (89.2) 46,934 (89.8) 0.005 Yes 1,219 (9.5) 1,343 (10.2) 1,341 (10.2) 1,415 (10.8) 5,318 (10.2) Total 12,884 (100) 13,133 (100) 13,135 (100) 13,100 (100) 52,252 (100)
