Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Documentation of yoga in the electronic health record (EHR) shows quadratic growth. Quadratic models fit to count data for the number of unique yoga note(s) per year, the number of unique patients with yoga notes, the number of unique clinicians writing yoga notes, and the number of unique clinical service departments containing yoga notes. Quadratic models were selected over linear models based on the Akaike Information Criterion.
- Figure 2.
Clinician-documented yoga notes and clinician-recommended yoga notes increase in proportion to the total number of notes mentioning yoga each year. Bar plots show (A) counts of unique clinical chart notes mentioning yoga by class each year and (B) the proportion of clinical chart notes mentioning yoga by class each year.
- Figure 3.
Clinician-recommended yoga notes are associated with 9 medical conditions. Odds ratios (OR) and P-values were calculated with Fisher's exact test using the counts of patients in the clinician-recommended yoga class for each medical condition (based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes) and their controls, patients without a chart note mentioning yoga matched on age, sex, and race. Significance threshold for inclusion was a false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted P-value ≤ .05.
Tables
Characteristic Patients, No (%) Health System (n = 1,210,228) P-Value† (Control, Penn Med) Yoga Cohort (n = 30,976) Control Cohort (n = 92,919) Age, y 19 to 44 14,069 (45.4) 42,158 (45.4) 478,886 (39.6) 45 to 64 11,843 (38.2) 35,554 (38.3) 425,661 (35.2) 65 to 84 4838 (15.6) 14,535 (15.6) 266,283 (22.0) 85+ 226 (0.7) 672 (0.7) 39,398 (3.3) Median age (IQR), y 47 (34 to 60) 47 (34 to 60) 51 (34 to 65) P = .996, < .001 Sex Female 25,688 (82.9) 77,063 (82.9) 721,180 (59.6) Male 5288 (17.1) 15,856 (17.1) 489,048 (40.4) P = .984, < .001 Race White 23,259 (75.1) 69,777 (75.1) 785,163 (64.9) Black or African American 3625 (11.7) 10,874 (11.7) 243,639 (20.1) Other* 2744 (8.9) 8231 (8.9) 135,081 (11.2) Asian 1289 (4.2) 3867 (4.2) 43,514 (3.6) American Indian or Alaskan Native 35 (0.1) 98 (0.1) 1155 (0.1) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 24 (0.1) 72 (0.1) 1676 (0.1) P = 1.00, < .001 Ethnicity Non-Hispanic 30,189 (97.5) 89,272 (96.1) 1,167,368 (96.5) White, Hispanic 513 (1.7) 2913 (3.1) 28,732 (2.4) Black or African American, Hispanic 128 (0.4) 338 (0.4) 8414 (0.7) Other*, Hispanic 74 (0.2) 263 (0.3) 3933 (0.3) Asian, Hispanic 70 (0.2) 129 (0.1) 1658 (0.1) American Indian or Alaskan Native, Hispanic 1 (0.0) 4 (0.0) 31 (0.0) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Hispanic 1 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 92 (0.0) P < .001, < .001 Financial Commercial 19,978 (64.5) 54,634 (58.8) 619,077 (51.2) Not recorded 5826 (18.8) 18,770 (20.2) 246,673 (20.4) Medicare 4127 (13.3) 13,246 (14.3) 254,220 (21.0) Medicaid 1042 (3.4) 6229 (6.7) 89,469 (7.4) Self-pay 3 (0.0) 40 (0.0) 789 (0.1) P < .001, < .001 IQR, interquartile range.
↵* Other includes mixed race, other, and unknown.
↵† Variables were compared between groups using a t-test for the continuous variable age, and the χ2 test for the categorical variables: sex, race, ethnicity, and financial class. Comparisons were made between the yoga cohort and the control cohort (P-values before the comma) and between the yoga cohort and the broader patient population (P-values after the comma).
