Article Figures & Data
Tables
Eczema, % (n/N) RR (95% CI) P Value Sex Male 30.3 (80/264) 1.19 (0.9–1.56) .229 Female 25.0 (57/228) — — Intrapartum antibiotics Yes 28.9 (37/128) 1.03 (0.75–1.41) .854 No 27.5 (100/364) — — Birth order First born 36.9 (80/217) 1.78 (1.33–2.38) .0001 Second born or later 20.7 (57/275) — — Maternal eczema (ever)* Yes 32.3 (21/65) 1.16 (0.77–1.74) .495 No 32.2 (98/350) — — Paternal eczema (ever)* Yes 41.4 (12/29) 1.55 (0.96–2.51) .146 No 27.7 (106/382) — — Sibling eczema (ever)* Yes 31.4 (28/80) 1.26 (0.85–1.86) .344 No 27.3 (81/311) — — Maternal asthma (ever)* Yes 27.9 (19/68) 0.99 (0.65–1.49) .958 No 28.6 (99/346) — — Paternal asthma (ever)* Yes 34.1 (14/41) 1.20 (0.75–1.93) .477 No 28.1 (104/370) — — Pets (cats/dogs)* Yes 29.0 (80/276) 1.10 (0.73–1.66) .652 No 27.4 (26/95) — — GBS status Negative 63 (63/229) 1.32 (0.83–2.09) .200 Positive 21.0 (17/81) — — Smoking* No 29.5 (120/407) 1.65 (0.66–4.13) .207 Yes 17.4 (4/23) — — Infant feeding during first 3 months* Primarily breastfed 29.7 (85/286) 1.10 (0.79–1.53) .579 Primarily formula fed 26.9 (39/145) — — Gestational age (weeks) ≤40 27.2 (94/346) >40 30.1 (43/143) 1.07 (0.78–1.46) .678 Birth weight (grams) <2500 57.1 (4/7) 4.23 (0.9–19.92) .068 2500–4500 27.7 (132/477) 1.92 (0.96–3.83) .064 >4500 12.5 (1/8) — — Maternal education (years)* Did not attend college 22.5 (32/142) 0.70 (0.48–1.01) .039 College degree or more 32.0 (97/303) — — ↵* Self-reported.
CI, confidence interval; RR, relative risk.
Exposure Time (hours) Eczema, % (n/N) RR† (95% CI) P Value 0–4 32.1 (9/28) 1.17 (0.66–2.06) .59 4–12 20.8 (11/53) 0.76 (0.44–1.31) .319 12–24 26.9 (7/26) 0.98 (0.51–1.89) .952 >24 54.5 (6/11) 1.99 (1.13–3.49) .017 ↵* Atopic dermatitis was diagnosed in 10 children who were not included in the analyses because intrapartum antibiotic exposure time could not be determined.
↵† Relative risks (RRs) were calculated when compared with no intrapartum exposure (n = 364) and atopic dermatitis (n = 100).
CI, confidence interval.
- Table 3. Relative Risk of Atopic Dermatitis Associated With Infant Exposure to Antibiotics
Age at Exposure to Antibiotics Eczema, % (n/N) RR (95% CI) P Value <24 Hours Yes 38.7 (12/32) 1.43 (0.92–2.24) .186 No 27.1 (125/461) — — <7 Days Yes 35.9 (14/39) 1.32 (0.88–1.99) .245 No 27.2 (123/453) — — <30 Days Yes 30.5 (18/59) 1.11 (0.74–1.67) .627 No 27.5 (119/433) — — <1 Year Yes 30.2 (80/265) 1.19 (0.89–1.59) .235 No 25.1 (57/227) — — By 2 years Yes 23.6 (103/348) 1.26 (0.9–1.77) .163 No 23.6 (34/144) — — CI, confidence interval; RR, relative risk.
