The Impact of Health Coaching on Medication Adherence in Patients With Poorly Controlled Diabetes, Hypertension, and/or Hyperlipidemia: A Randomized Controlled Trial

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Figure 1.
Consolidate Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) diagram showing study enrollment and follow-up.

Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of Participants Included in the Current Analysis, by Study Arm^*

Characteristics	All Participants (n = 288)	Health Coaching Arm (n = 154)	Usual Care Arm (n = 134)
Age (years), mean (SD)	53.4 (10.9)	54.1 (9.8)	52.7 (12.0)
Female sex	55.6 (160)	55.8 (86)	55.2 (74)
Born outside the United States	74.7 (215)	72.7 (112)	76.9 (103)
Years in United States (if born outside United States), mean (SD)	18.74 (11.20)	19.50 (10.07)	17.92 (12.30)
Primary language
English	28.5 (82)	30.5 (47)	26.1 (35)
Spanish	68.4 (197)	66.2 (102)	70.9 (95)
Other	3.1 (9)	3.2 (5)	3.0 (4)
Race/ethnicity
Asian	5.2 (15)	3.9 (6)	6.7 (9)
African American	18.4 (53)	20.1 (31)	16.4 (22)
Latino or Hispanic	70.5 (203)	68.8 (106)	72.4 (97)
White	2.4 (7)	2.6 (4)	2.2 (3)
Other	3.5 (10)	3.5 (7)	2.2 (3)
Working status
Employed full time	17.0 (49)	18.2 (28)	15.7 (21)
Employed part time	25.3 (73)	24.0 (37)	26.9 (36)
Unemployed/homemaker	31.6 (91)	28.6 (46)	35.1 (47)
Retired/disabled /SSI/other	26.1 (75)	29.2 (45)	22.4 (30)
Education
<5th grade	23.6 (68)	23.4 (36)	23.8 (32)
6th to 8th grade	22.2 (64)	22.7 (35)	21.6 (29)
Some high school	14.2 (41)	13.6 (21)	14.9 (20)
High school graduate or GED	16.3 (47)	19.5 (30)	12.7 (17)
Some college/college graduate	23.6 (68)	20.8 (32)	27.2 (36)
Income
<$5,000	33.3 (96)	33.8 (52)	32.8 (44)
$5,000–10,000	25.3 (73)	26.1 (35)	24.7 (38)
$10,000–20,000	31.6 (91)	30.6 (41)	32.5 (50)
>20,000	9.7 (28)	9.0 (14)	10.4 (14)
Number of medications, mean (SD)	4.1 (2.1)	4.3 (2.1)	3.8 (2.1)

Table 2. Patient Concordance from Baseline to the End of the 12-Month Intervention^*

Outcomes	Health Coaching (%)			Usual Care (%)			Difference in Change	P Value^*
Outcomes	Baseline	12 Months	Change	Baseline	12 Months	Change	Difference in Change	P Value^*
All medications with complete concordance^{^†} (n = 288)	48	62	14	48	52	4	10	.05
All medications with medication name concordance^{^‡} (n = 288)	64	74	10	68	67	−1	11	.03
Patient-reported medications omitted from medical record^{^§} (n = 265)	17	13	−4	14	13	−1	−3	.39
Medications in the medical record not reported by the patient^{^‖} (n = 277)	27	16	−11	25	26	1	−12	.01

↵* Adjusted for baseline differences in variables.
↵† Complete concordance is defined as being concordant on medication name, dose, and dosing frequency.
↵‡ Concordant by name refers to being concordant on medication name regardless of any differences in dose or frequency.
↵§ Limited to patients who self-reported medications at baseline and 12 months (n = 145 in the health coaching group and n = 120 in the usual care group).
↵‖ Limited to patients with charted medications at baseline and 12 months (n = 148 in the health coaching group and n = 129 in the usual care group).

Table 3. Medication Adherence for All Medications (n = 287)

Outcomes	Health Coaching			Usual Care			Difference in Change	P Value
Outcomes	Baseline	12 Months	Change	Baseline	12 Months	Change	Difference in Change	P Value
Days (of the past 7) that patient reported having taken medications as prescribed, mean (SD)	4.29 (2.31)	5.23 (2.02)	0.94	4.40 (2.34)	4.28 (2.44)	−0.14	1.08	<.001
Patients who reported taking all medications as prescribed in the past 7 days (%)	21	35	14	25	27	2	12	.09
Patients who report taking medications as prescribed for a mean of at least 5 of the past 7 days (%)	46	69	23	50	45	−5	28	<.001