Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Recruitment and final sample. ISI, Insomnia Severity Index.
- Figure 2.
Receiver operator characteristics curve showing the probability of predicting a diagnosis of an insomnia disorder using various Insomnia Severity Index total scores.
Tables
Participants Who Completed Only the Questionnaire (n = 309) Participants Who Completed the Questionnaire and the Clinical Interview (n = 101) Total Sample (N = 410) Statistics P Value Mean age, years (SD) 47.55 (15.5) 49.01 (14.1) 47.91 (15.2) t = 0.82 .411 Female sex 184 (59.5) 66 (65.3) 250 (61.6) χ2 = 0.81 .369 Marital status χ2 = 2.39 .496 Married 193 (62.5) 56 (55.4) 249 (60.7) Single 62 (20.1) 21 (20.8) 83 (20.2) Separated or divorced 33 (10.7) 16 (15.8) 49 (12.0) Widowed 14 (4.5) 4 (4.0) 18 (4.4) Occupation χ2 = 6.06 .416 Full-time work 165 (53.4) 52 (51.5) 217 (52.9) Part-time work 24 (7.8) 8 (7.9) 32 (7.8) Unemployed 18 (5.8) 5 (5.0) 23 (5.6) Unpaid work 3 (1.0) 3 (3.0) 6 (1.5) Retired 63 (20.4) 26 (25.7) 89 (21.7) Student 24 (7.8) 3 (3.0) 27 (6.6) Work schedule χ2 = 1.57 .815 Day 157 (50.8) 50 (49.5) 207 (50.5) Evening 7 (2.3) 1 (1.0) 8 (2.0) Day and evening 23 (7.4) 6 (5.9) 29 (7.1) Night 9 (2.9) 4 (4.0) 13 (3.2) Rotating shift work 15 (4.9) 3 (3.0) 18 (4.4) Education level completed χ2 = 4.96 .175 Elementary school or less 11 (3.6) 3 (3.0) 14 (3.4) High school 122 (39.5) 28 (27.7) 150 (36.6) Junior college 75 (24.3) 31 (30.7) 106 (25.9) University 87 (28.2) 34 (33.7) 121 (29.5) Insomnia Severity Index mean total score (SD) 7.34 (6.05) 11.15 (6.76) 8.27 (6.44) t = 5.33 .000 Use prescribed medication for sleep 14 (4.5) 9 (8.9) 23 (5.6) χ2 = 2.76 .097 Self-reported psychiatric disorder 61 (19.7) 22 (21.8) 83 (20.2) χ2 = 1.96 .658 Self-reported medical disorder 217 (70.2) 78 (77.2) 295 (72.0) χ2 = 1.85 .174 Mean yearly medical consultations (SD) 3.74 (5.30) 5.51 (9.83) 4.17 (6.72) t = 2.25 .025 Data are n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
SD, standard deviation.
- Table 2. Characteristics of Participants With and Without Diagnosis of an Insomnia Disorder
Diagnosis of Insomnia Disorder (n = 34) No Diagnosis of Insomnia Disorder (n = 67) Statistics P Value Mean age, years (SD) 47.69 (11.0) 49.66 (15.5) t = −0.65 .521 Female sex 25 (73.5) 41 (61.2) χ2 = 1.52 .218 Uses prescribed medication for sleep 5 (14.7) 4 (6.0) χ2 = 2.12 .145 Psychiatric disorder* 20 (58.8) 10 (14.9) χ2 = 20.82 .000 Major depressive episode 12 (35.3) 3 (4.5) Generalized anxiety disorder 8 (23.4) 4 (6.0) Agoraphobia 6 (17.7) 1 (1.5) Social phobia 5 (14.7) 1 (1.5) Alcohol dependence 3 (8.8) 0 (0) Substance abuse 2 (5.9) 2 (3.0) Posttraumatic stress disorder 2 (5.9) 2 (3.0) Obsessive-compulsive disorder 2 (5.9) 0 (0) Panic disorder 2 (5.9) 2 (3.0) Dysthymic disorder 1 (2.9) 0 (0) Medical disorder 16 (47.1) 42 (62.7) χ2 = 1.83 .176 Condition interfering with sleep 10 (29.4) 10 (14.9) Data are n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
↵* The total percentage exceeds 100% because some participants have more than one diagnosis.
SD, standard deviation.
Items of the ISI Item Response Choice* 0 1 2 3 4 1. Difficulties falling asleep 45.1 25.0 16.4 11.3 2.2 2. Difficulties staying asleep 35.6 24.6 22.7 16.3 0.7 3. Early morning awakenings 36.9 22.6 18.4 18.7 3.4 4. Sleep dissatisfaction 17.4 33.8 19.4 24.3 5.2 5. Interference of sleep problems with daytime functioning 34.6 24.9 24.6 12.9 2.9 6. Noticeability of sleep difficulties by others 45.8 23.8 21.6 7.6 1.2 7. Preoccupation and distress caused by sleep difficulties 47.7 25.2 19.3 7.2 0.7 ↵* For items 1 to 3, 0 = no problem, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe, and 4 = very severe. For item 4, 0 = very satisfied, 1 = satisfied, 2 = neutral, 3 = dissatisfied, and 4 = very dissatisfied. For items 5 to 7, 0 = not at all, 1 = a little, 2 = somewhat, 3 = much, 4 = very much.
ISI, Insomnia Severity Index.
Score Sensitivity Specificity FPR (n = 67) FNR (n = 34) Correctly Classified (n = 101) PPV NPV 1 100 10.4 89.6 (60) 0.0 (0) 40.6 (41) 36.2 (34/94) 100 (7/7) 2 100 16.4 83.6 (56) 0.0 (0) 44.6 (45) 37.8 (34/90) 100 (11/11) 3 100 19.4 80.6 (54) 0.0 (0) 46.5 (47) 38.6 (34/88) 100 (13/13) 4 100 22.4 77.6 (52) 0.0 (0) 48.5 (49) 39.5 (34/86) 100 (15/15) 5 100 29.9 70.2 (47) 0.0 (0) 53.5 (54) 42.0 (34/81) 100 (20/20) 6 100 35.8 64.2 (43) 0.0 (0) 57.4 (58) 44.2 (34/77) 100 (24/24) 7 100 41.8 58.2 (39) 0.0 (0) 61.4 (62) 46.6 (34/73) 100 (28/28) 8 100 52.2 47.8 (32) 0.0 (0) 68.3 (69) 51.5 (34/66) 100 (35/35) 9 97.1 61.2 38.8 (26) 2.9 (1) 73.3 (74) 55.9 (33/59) 97.6 (41/42) 10 97.1 64.2 35.8 (24) 2.9 (1) 75.3 (76) 57.9 (33/57) 97.7 (43/44) 11 94.1 68.7 31.3 (21) 5.9 (2) 77.2 (78) 60.4 (32/53) 95.8 (46/48) 12 91.2 73.1 26.9% (18) 8.8 (3) 79.2 (80) 63.3 (31/49) 94.2 (49/52) 13 85.3 76.1 23.9 (16) 14.7 (5) 79.2 (80) 64.4 (29/45) 91.1 (51/56) 14 82.4 (28/34) 82.1 (55) 17.9 (12) 17.6 (6) 82.2 (83) 70.0 (28/40) 90.2 (55/61) 15 76.5 82.1 17.9 (12) 23.5 (8) 80.2 (81) 68.4 (26/38) 87.3 (55/63) 16 64.7 83.6 16.4 (11) 35.3 (12) 77.2 (78) 66.7 (22/33) 82.4 (56/68) 17 52.9 86.6 13.4 (9) 47.1 (16) 75.3 (76) 66.7 (18/27) 78.4 (58/74) 18 41.2 91.0 9.0 (6) 58.8 (20) 74.3 (75) 70.0 (14/20) 75.3 (61/81) 19 35.3 92.5 7.5 (5) 64.7 (22) 73.3 (74) 70.6 (12/17) 73.8 (62/84) 20 26.5 94.0 6.0 (4) 73.5 (25) 71.3 (72) 69.2 (9/13) 71.6 (63/68) 21 17.6 97.0 3.0 (2) 82.4 (28) 70.3 (71) 75.0 (6/8) 69.9 (65/93) 23 5.9 100 0.0 (0) 94.1 (32) 68.3 (69) 100 (2/2) 67.7 (67/99) 26 0.0 100 0.0 (0) 100 (34) 66.3 (67) — 66.3 (67) Data are %, % (n), or % (n/N).
FNR, false negative rate; FPR, false positive rate; NPV, negative predictive value; PPV, positive predictive value.
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