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Brief ReportBrief Report

Agranulocytosis from Levamisole-Adulterated Cocaine

Kimberly B. Caldwell, Oliver Z. Graham and James J. Arnold
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine July 2012, 25 (4) 528-530; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2012.04.110177
Kimberly B. Caldwell
MD, USAF, MC
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Oliver Z. Graham
MD
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James J. Arnold
DO, USAF, MC
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References

  1. 1.↵
    National Institute on Drug Abuse. Research report series–cocaine: abuse and addiction. NIH publication no. 09-4166. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health; 2009.
  2. 2.↵
    1. Thompson JS,
    2. Herbick JM,
    3. Klassen LW,
    4. et al
    . Studies on levamisole-induced agranulocytosis. Blood 1980;56:388–96.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  3. 3.↵
    1. Zhu NY,
    2. LeGatt DF,
    3. Turner AR
    . Agranulocytosis after consumption of cocaine adulterated with levamisole. Ann Intern Med 2009;150:287–9.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  4. 4.↵
    1. Chang A,
    2. Osterloh J,
    3. Thomas J
    . Levamisole: a dangerous new cocaine adulterant. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010;88:408–11.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  5. 5.↵
    1. Buchanan JA,
    2. Over RJ,
    3. Patel NR,
    4. et al
    . A confirmed case of agranulocytosis after use of cocaine contaminated with levamisole. J Med Toxicol 2010;6:160–4.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  6. 6.↵
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Agranulocytosis associated with cocaine use–four states, March 2008–November 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009;58:1381–5.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  7. 7.↵
    Associated Press. Medicine-laced cocaine kills 2, sickens more than 100. September 1, 2009. Available from: http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,545127,00.html. Accessed May 9, 2012.
  8. 8.↵
    1. Allday E
    . Most cocaine diluted with unsafe livestock drug. San Francisco Chronicle. December 29, 2009. Available from: http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/12/29/MNDS1B6HAS.DTL. Accessed May 9, 2012.
  9. 9.↵
    1. Lynch KL,
    2. Dominy SS,
    3. Graf J,
    4. Kral AH
    . Detection of levamisole exposure in cocaine users by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2011;35:176–8.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  10. 10.↵
    1. Szalavitz M
    . A common cut in cocaine may prove deadly. Time Magazine. January 20, 2009. Available from: http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1955112,00.html. Accessed May 9, 2012.
  11. 11.↵
    1. Lung D,
    2. Lynch K,
    3. et al
    . Images in emergency medicine. Adult female with rash on lower extremities. Vasculopathic purpura and neutropenia caused by levamisole-contaminated cocaine. Ann Emerg Med 2011;57:307, 311.
    OpenUrlPubMed
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The Journal of the American Board of Family     Medicine: 25 (4)
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
Vol. 25, Issue 4
July-August 2012
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Agranulocytosis from Levamisole-Adulterated Cocaine
Kimberly B. Caldwell, Oliver Z. Graham, James J. Arnold
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Jul 2012, 25 (4) 528-530; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2012.04.110177

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Agranulocytosis from Levamisole-Adulterated Cocaine
Kimberly B. Caldwell, Oliver Z. Graham, James J. Arnold
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Jul 2012, 25 (4) 528-530; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2012.04.110177
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