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Research ArticleOriginal Research

Clinician-Patient Communication About Physical Activity in an Underserved Population

Jennifer K. Carroll, Kevin Fiscella, Sean C. Meldrum, Geoffrey C. Williams, Christopher N. Sciamanna, Pascal Jean-Pierre, Gary R. Morrow and Ronald M. Epstein
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine March 2008, 21 (2) 118-127; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2008.02.070117
Jennifer K. Carroll
MD, MPH
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Kevin Fiscella
MD, MPH
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Sean C. Meldrum
MS
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Geoffrey C. Williams
MD, PhD
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Christopher N. Sciamanna
MD, MPH
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Pascal Jean-Pierre
PhD
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Gary R. Morrow
PhD, MS
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Ronald M. Epstein
MD
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Article Figures & Data

Tables

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    Table 1.

    Elements of the 5A Model and Definition of 5As Used in the Coding of Audio-Recorded Office Visits

    Counseling ActivityDescription
    Ask/assess
    • Inquire about health behaviors, self-efficacy

    • Did the clinician ask about the patients exercise or physical activity habit in any way? Was there any discussion about initiating, maintaining, or changing physical activity levels in any way?

    Advise
    • Discuss health risks; benefits of change; review appropriate amount, intensity, and frequency of behavior

    • A clear statement that the clinician makes to the patient recommending the patient do regular physical activity. The clinician gives clear, personalized, and specific advice to change physical activity/exercise habits, which may or may not include information about personal benefits to health.

    Agree
    • Collaboratively set physical activity goals based on patient's interest and confidence

    • The clinician and patient collaboratively select appropriate treatment goals and tasks based on the patient's interest and willingness to change the behavior.

    Assist
    • Identify personal barriers and problem-solving techniques; community opportunities for physical activity and social support

    • The clinician assists the patient to aid them in changing their physical activity/exercise plans by addressing any challenges or barriers that the patient may face. This category also refers to the clinician helping the patient strategize or come up with a plan on how the patient might actually change their exercise level to meet their goals. The clinician might also mention available community resources, programs, or referral options for physical activity/exercise programs in this step.

    Arrange
    • Help the patient complete the plan by providing referrals, reminders, access to resources; specify future arrangements (follow-up visit, call, reminder) to follow-up on progress

    • The clinician and patient explicitly discuss a follow up plan. This means that the doctor schedules a follow up appointment to provide ongoing assistance and support to the patient for helping them change their exercise level. This step may also involve a referral to a program or specialist to help the patient with the exercise program (in this sense may overlap somewhat with the Assist step).

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    Table 2.

    Participant Sociodemographic and Health Status Information

    Patient Participants (n = 12)
    Age group (years)
        18–2912 (6)
        30–3912 (6)
        40–4927 (13)
        50–5920 (10)
        60–6918 (9)
        70+8 (4)
        Not reported2 (1)
    Gender
        Female71 (35)
        Male29 (14)
    Race/ethnicity
        African-American51 (25)
        White37 (18)
        Other12 (6)
    Employed
        Yes33 (16)
        No35 (17)
        Not reported33 (16)
    Annual income
        <$12,00027 (13)
        $12,000-$20,00020 (10)
        $21,000-$39,00010 (5)
        $40,000+8 (4)
        Not reported35 (17)
    Education
        <12 years29 (14)
        High school diploma37 (18)
        Partial college18 (9)
        College degree14 (7)
        Not reported2 (1)
    Number of Comorbidities
        031 (15)
        1–231 (15)
        3–424 (12)
        5–814 (7)
    Common Comorbidities
        Diabetes27 (13)
        Hypertension47 (23)
        Congestive heart failure8 (4)
    Body mass index
        18.5 ≥ 24.9 (normal)6 (3)
        25.0 ≥ 29.9 (overweight)22 (11)
        ≥30.0 (obese)53 (26)
        Not reported18 (9)
    Achieving recommended level of physical activity*
        Yes22 (11)
        No78 (38)
    Gender
        Female83 (10)
        Male17 (2)
    Clinician specialty
        Physician67 (8)
        Physician assistant or nurse practioner33 (4)
    Race/ethnicity
        African-American25 (3)
        Asian8 (1)
        White67 (8)
    Years in practice
        ≤533 (4)
        >5 to ≤1033 (4)
        >10 to ≤1517 (2)
        >1517 (2)
    Years at health center
        ≤566 (8)
        >5 to ≤100 (0)
        >10 to ≤1517 (2)
        >1517 (2)
    • * Two patient participants did not provide survey data.

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    Table 3.

    Patterns of Observed Use of 5As Among Clinicians

    ClinicianAsk/AssessAdviseAgreeAssistArrange
    MD-1[1][12]
    MD-2[2]
    [11][11]
    [13][13][13]
    [19]
    MD-3[9]
    MD-4[17][17][17][17]
    MD-5
    MD-6[14][14][14]
    [15][15]
    MD-7[3]
    MD-8[6][6]
    NP/PA-1[18][18]
    NP/PA-2[4]
    [5]
    [7][7][16]
    [16][16]
    NP/PA-3[8][8]
    [10][10]
    NP/PA-4
    • [n] = visit in which an A term was used among all 19 visits in which physical activity was discussed among the 12 participating clinicians. Visit number is shown to distinguish between multiple visits per clinician with A term used. For example, MD-2 used Ask statements on 3 separate visits, coded as visits [2],[13], and [19].

      MD, physician participants; NP, nurse practitioner participant; PA, physician assistant participant.

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    Table 4.

    Examples of Ask, Advise, Agree and Assist Statements

    Statement TypeExamples
    Ask
    • Clinician: “Exercising three times a week… that's what you had set as a goal last year in March. How is that going?… How much are you thinking you are exercising… once a week? Once a month?”

    • Clinician: “Do you do any sort of exercise?… Anything in particular?”

    Advise
    • Clinician: “You have to do at least half an hour of some kind of motion before it is considered beneficial to you… It does help to control your blood pressure… it helps control your diabetes… helps strengthen your bones, makes you less likely to fall… prevents osteoporosis.”

    • Clinician: “Try to exercise for three or four times a week. What is walking, what is riding a bike for a good half an hour at a time…cause that will also help.”

    • Clinician: “What else is good for you is… getting out and getting to do things that you like to do, getting some exercise. . . . getting your body going will help you a little bit as well. (in relation to depression) If you do this power walk 5 days a week for a half an hour where you're sweating, eat a little healthier, more fruits and vegetables and water, less of the bad stuff, you will lose that weight.”Patient: “I'm working on it.”

    Agree
    • Clinician: “You did the water flexibility fitness [class]? I'd love to see you go back.”

      Patient: “Is it still going on?”

      Clinician: “Yep, and it'll continue.”

      Patient: “What day is it? Mondays and Wednesdays?”

      Clinician: “Yeah, Mondays and Wednesdays.”

      Patient: “I'm going back. I don't care if my blood pressure's high or not. I just want to go, cuz see Dr. X stopped me from going. I was kinda tired; I was kinda glad I had an excuse not to go. But, you know, I was going - getting up and going, and it was in my schedule. I was going.”

      Clinician: “I know.”

    Assist
    • Clinician: “I found out about this place that does sort of like cardiac rehab. They do a little bit more intensive follow-up for the weight loss and diabetes and for your heart. They prescribe exercise for those three reasons. You do well when I see you frequently. When we don't lose contact, I think you do well. When you have someone on your case, you do a little bit better.”

    • Clinician: “I think you would be a good candidate because you are doing well with [local exercise program] and I know when you get excited when you do this. . . . this weight loss. So I think you'd be a good candidate for this. So can I refer you there?”

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    Table 5.

    Patient and Visit Characteristics in Relation to Visits with and without Observed Discussion of Physical Activity

    Patient and Visit CharacteristicsNo Discussion of Physical Activity (n = 25) (n)Any Discussion of Physical Activity (n = 19) (n [%])
    Age group
        18–3975 (42)
        40–59128 (40)
        60+56 (55)
        Not reported10 (0)
    Gender
        Female1714 (45)
        Male85 (38)
    Race/Ethnicity
        African-American158 (35)
        White23 (60)
        Other88 (50)
    Annual income
        ≤$12,00074 (36)
         >$12,000118 (42)
        Not reported77 (50)
    Employed
        Yes86 (43)
        No78 (53)
        Not reported105 (33)
    Body mass index
        18.5 ≥ 24.9 (normal)11 (50)
        25.0 ≥ 29.9 (overweight)46 (60)
        >30.0 (obese)159 (38)
        Not reported53 (38)
    Number of comorbidities
        0113 (21)
        1–266 (50)
        3=8810 (56)
    Years of education
        <12 years68 (57)
        High cchool diploma126 (33)
        Any college75 (42)
    Median number of topics discussed47 (n/a)
    Median number of health behaviors discussed12 (n/a)
    Median visit duration (minutes)1219 (n/a)
    Total*2519 (43)
    • * Two patients with missing data have been excluded.

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The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine: 21 (2)
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
Vol. 21, Issue 2
March-April 2008
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Clinician-Patient Communication About Physical Activity in an Underserved Population
Jennifer K. Carroll, Kevin Fiscella, Sean C. Meldrum, Geoffrey C. Williams, Christopher N. Sciamanna, Pascal Jean-Pierre, Gary R. Morrow, Ronald M. Epstein
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Mar 2008, 21 (2) 118-127; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2008.02.070117

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Clinician-Patient Communication About Physical Activity in an Underserved Population
Jennifer K. Carroll, Kevin Fiscella, Sean C. Meldrum, Geoffrey C. Williams, Christopher N. Sciamanna, Pascal Jean-Pierre, Gary R. Morrow, Ronald M. Epstein
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Mar 2008, 21 (2) 118-127; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2008.02.070117
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