Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1.
Elements of the 5A Model and Definition of 5As Used in the Coding of Audio-Recorded Office Visits
Counseling Activity Description Ask/assess Inquire about health behaviors, self-efficacy
Did the clinician ask about the patients exercise or physical activity habit in any way? Was there any discussion about initiating, maintaining, or changing physical activity levels in any way?
Advise Discuss health risks; benefits of change; review appropriate amount, intensity, and frequency of behavior
A clear statement that the clinician makes to the patient recommending the patient do regular physical activity. The clinician gives clear, personalized, and specific advice to change physical activity/exercise habits, which may or may not include information about personal benefits to health.
Agree Collaboratively set physical activity goals based on patient's interest and confidence
The clinician and patient collaboratively select appropriate treatment goals and tasks based on the patient's interest and willingness to change the behavior.
Assist Identify personal barriers and problem-solving techniques; community opportunities for physical activity and social support
The clinician assists the patient to aid them in changing their physical activity/exercise plans by addressing any challenges or barriers that the patient may face. This category also refers to the clinician helping the patient strategize or come up with a plan on how the patient might actually change their exercise level to meet their goals. The clinician might also mention available community resources, programs, or referral options for physical activity/exercise programs in this step.
Arrange Help the patient complete the plan by providing referrals, reminders, access to resources; specify future arrangements (follow-up visit, call, reminder) to follow-up on progress
The clinician and patient explicitly discuss a follow up plan. This means that the doctor schedules a follow up appointment to provide ongoing assistance and support to the patient for helping them change their exercise level. This step may also involve a referral to a program or specialist to help the patient with the exercise program (in this sense may overlap somewhat with the Assist step).
Patient Participants (n = 12) Age group (years) 18–29 12 (6) 30–39 12 (6) 40–49 27 (13) 50–59 20 (10) 60–69 18 (9) 70+ 8 (4) Not reported 2 (1) Gender Female 71 (35) Male 29 (14) Race/ethnicity African-American 51 (25) White 37 (18) Other 12 (6) Employed Yes 33 (16) No 35 (17) Not reported 33 (16) Annual income <$12,000 27 (13) $12,000-$20,000 20 (10) $21,000-$39,000 10 (5) $40,000+ 8 (4) Not reported 35 (17) Education <12 years 29 (14) High school diploma 37 (18) Partial college 18 (9) College degree 14 (7) Not reported 2 (1) Number of Comorbidities 0 31 (15) 1–2 31 (15) 3–4 24 (12) 5–8 14 (7) Common Comorbidities Diabetes 27 (13) Hypertension 47 (23) Congestive heart failure 8 (4) Body mass index 18.5 ≥ 24.9 (normal) 6 (3) 25.0 ≥ 29.9 (overweight) 22 (11) ≥30.0 (obese) 53 (26) Not reported 18 (9) Achieving recommended level of physical activity* Yes 22 (11) No 78 (38) Gender Female 83 (10) Male 17 (2) Clinician specialty Physician 67 (8) Physician assistant or nurse practioner 33 (4) Race/ethnicity African-American 25 (3) Asian 8 (1) White 67 (8) Years in practice ≤5 33 (4) >5 to ≤10 33 (4) >10 to ≤15 17 (2) >15 17 (2) Years at health center ≤5 66 (8) >5 to ≤10 0 (0) >10 to ≤15 17 (2) >15 17 (2) * Two patient participants did not provide survey data.
Clinician Ask/Assess Advise Agree Assist Arrange MD-1 [1] [12] MD-2 [2] [11] [11] [13] [13] [13] [19] MD-3 [9] MD-4 [17] [17] [17] [17] MD-5 MD-6 [14] [14] [14] [15] [15] MD-7 [3] MD-8 [6] [6] NP/PA-1 [18] [18] NP/PA-2 [4] [5] [7] [7] [16] [16] [16] NP/PA-3 [8] [8] [10] [10] NP/PA-4 [n] = visit in which an A term was used among all 19 visits in which physical activity was discussed among the 12 participating clinicians. Visit number is shown to distinguish between multiple visits per clinician with A term used. For example, MD-2 used Ask statements on 3 separate visits, coded as visits [2],[13], and [19].
MD, physician participants; NP, nurse practitioner participant; PA, physician assistant participant.
Statement Type Examples Ask Clinician: “Exercising three times a week… that's what you had set as a goal last year in March. How is that going?… How much are you thinking you are exercising… once a week? Once a month?”
Clinician: “Do you do any sort of exercise?… Anything in particular?”
Advise Clinician: “You have to do at least half an hour of some kind of motion before it is considered beneficial to you… It does help to control your blood pressure… it helps control your diabetes… helps strengthen your bones, makes you less likely to fall… prevents osteoporosis.”
Clinician: “Try to exercise for three or four times a week. What is walking, what is riding a bike for a good half an hour at a time…cause that will also help.”
Clinician: “What else is good for you is… getting out and getting to do things that you like to do, getting some exercise. . . . getting your body going will help you a little bit as well. (in relation to depression) If you do this power walk 5 days a week for a half an hour where you're sweating, eat a little healthier, more fruits and vegetables and water, less of the bad stuff, you will lose that weight.”Patient: “I'm working on it.”
Agree Clinician: “You did the water flexibility fitness [class]? I'd love to see you go back.”
Patient: “Is it still going on?”
Clinician: “Yep, and it'll continue.”
Patient: “What day is it? Mondays and Wednesdays?”
Clinician: “Yeah, Mondays and Wednesdays.”
Patient: “I'm going back. I don't care if my blood pressure's high or not. I just want to go, cuz see Dr. X stopped me from going. I was kinda tired; I was kinda glad I had an excuse not to go. But, you know, I was going - getting up and going, and it was in my schedule. I was going.”
Clinician: “I know.”
Assist Clinician: “I found out about this place that does sort of like cardiac rehab. They do a little bit more intensive follow-up for the weight loss and diabetes and for your heart. They prescribe exercise for those three reasons. You do well when I see you frequently. When we don't lose contact, I think you do well. When you have someone on your case, you do a little bit better.”
Clinician: “I think you would be a good candidate because you are doing well with [local exercise program] and I know when you get excited when you do this. . . . this weight loss. So I think you'd be a good candidate for this. So can I refer you there?”
- Table 5.
Patient and Visit Characteristics in Relation to Visits with and without Observed Discussion of Physical Activity
Patient and Visit Characteristics No Discussion of Physical Activity (n = 25) (n) Any Discussion of Physical Activity (n = 19) (n [%]) Age group 18–39 7 5 (42) 40–59 12 8 (40) 60+ 5 6 (55) Not reported 1 0 (0) Gender Female 17 14 (45) Male 8 5 (38) Race/Ethnicity African-American 15 8 (35) White 2 3 (60) Other 8 8 (50) Annual income ≤$12,000 7 4 (36) >$12,000 11 8 (42) Not reported 7 7 (50) Employed Yes 8 6 (43) No 7 8 (53) Not reported 10 5 (33) Body mass index 18.5 ≥ 24.9 (normal) 1 1 (50) 25.0 ≥ 29.9 (overweight) 4 6 (60) >30.0 (obese) 15 9 (38) Not reported 5 3 (38) Number of comorbidities 0 11 3 (21) 1–2 6 6 (50) 3=8 8 10 (56) Years of education <12 years 6 8 (57) High cchool diploma 12 6 (33) Any college 7 5 (42) Median number of topics discussed 4 7 (n/a) Median number of health behaviors discussed 1 2 (n/a) Median visit duration (minutes) 12 19 (n/a) Total* 25 19 (43) * Two patients with missing data have been excluded.