Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Pharmacologic management of AR during pregnancy.53 Adapted with permission from Knudtson M. Once-daily intranasal corticosteroids for allergic rhinitis, examining treatment issues. Adv Nurse Pract 2006;14:57–60.
Tables
Category Interpretation A Controlled studies show no risk. Adequate, well-controlled studies in pregnant women have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in any trimester of pregnancy. B No evidence of risk in humans. Adequate, well-controlled studies in pregnant women have not shown increased risk of fetal abnormalities despite adverse findings in animals, or, in the absence of adequate human studies, animal studies show no fetal risk. The chance of fetal harm is remote, but remains a possibility. C Risk cannot be ruled out. Adequate, well-controlled human studies are lacking, and animal studies have shown a risk to the fetus or are lacking as well. There is a chance of fetal harm if the drug is administered during pregnancy, but the potential benefits may outweigh the potential risk. D Positive evidence of risk. Studies in humans, or investigational or postmarketing data, have demonstrated fetal risk. Nevertheless, potential benefits from the use of the drug may outweigh the potential risk. X Contraindicated in pregnancy. Studies in animals or humans, or investigational or postmarketing reports, have demonstrated positive evidence of fetal abnormalities or risk that clearly outweighs any possible benefit to the patient. Medication Risk Category TERIS Rating (Magnitude of Teratogenic Risk/Quality and Quantity of Data) SABAs Albuterol C Undetermined/limited Levalbuterol C NA* Metaproterenol C Undetermined/limited Pirbuterol C NA* ICSs Beclomethasone C Unlikely/limited to fair Budesonide B Unlikely/limited to fair Flunisolide C Undetermined/limited Fluticasone C NA* Mometasone C Undetermined/limited Triamcinolone C Undetermined/limited LABAs Formoterol C NA* Salmeterol C Undetermined/very limited ICS/LABA combination Fluticasone/salmeterol C NA† Oral corticosteroids C Cromones Cromolyn B Unlikely/fair to good Nedocromil B Undetermined/very limited Leukotriene modifiers Montelukast B Minimal/very limited Zafirlukast B Undetermined/very limited Zileuton C NA* Theophylline C None/fair to good * Not available. TERIS has not rated this agent.
† Not available. TERIS has not rated the combination of these 2 agents.
Medication Risk Category TERIS Rating/Quality and Quantity of Data Antihistamines Cetirizine B Unlikely/limited to fair Chlorpheniramine B Unlikely/fair to good Clemastine B Unlikely/limited to fair Desloratadine C NA* Diphenhydramine B Unlikely/fair to good Fexofenadine C Undetermined/very limited Hydroxyzine C Unlikely/limited to fair Loratadine B Unlikely/fair Tripelennamine B NA* INSs Beclomethasone C Unlikely/limited to fair Budesonide B Unlikely/limited to fair Flunisolide C Undetermined/limited Fluticasone C NA* Mometasone C Undetermined/limited Triamcinolone C Undetermined/limited Decongestants Oxymetazoline C Unlikely/limited to fair Pseudoephedrine C None to minimal/fair Cromones Cromolyn B Unlikely/fair to good Nedocromil B Undetermined/very limited Leukotriene modifier Montelukast B Minimal/very limited * Not available. TERIS has not rated this agent.
