Different Waist Circumferences, Different Metabolic Risks in Koreans

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Figure 1.
Mean values for abnormal metabolic parameters for men in the normal group (NG), generally obese group (GOG), centrally obese group (COG), and combined obese group (COM): 3rd National Cholesterol Education Program-Adults Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) Asian guideline. ∗, P > .05, statistically significant difference between groups.
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Figure 2.
Mean values for abnormal metabolic parameters for women in the normal group (NG), generally obese group (GOG), centrally obese group (COG), and combined obese group (COM): 3rd National Cholesterol Education Program-Adults Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) Asian guideline. ∗, P > .05, statistically significant difference between groups.

Table 1.

Demographic Analysis: NG, COG, GOG, and COM Groups of Korean Men and Women

		NG (n = 43,710, 62.9%)	COG (n = 3925, 5.6%)	GOG (n = 7597, 10.9%)	COM (n =14,303, 20.6%)	P Value^*
Age (years)	Male	44.1 ± 9.9	49.5 ± 10.1	43.6 ± 8.7	45.7 ± 9.5	<.001
	Female	41.8 ± 10.0	50.8 ± 10.8	45.3 ± 9.6	50.9 ± 10.3	<.001
Smoking (pack/year)	Male	14.0 ± 13.9	19.2 ± 17.7	13.3 ± 13.4	16.5 ± 16.0	<.001
	Female	0.4 ± 2.4	0.5 ± 3.1	0.1 ± 1.5	0.4 ± 2.7	<.001
Weight (kg)	Male	63.7 ± 6.6	71.7 ± 5.0	73.4 ± 5.1	80.2 ± 7.4	<.001
	Female	52.9 ± 5.3	58.2 ± 4.7	62.2 ± 4.4	66.9 ± 6.8	<.001
Waist (cm)	Male	79.8 ± 5.6	91.6 ± 1.9	86.0 ± 2.6	94.5 ± 4.2	<.001
	Female	70.3 ± 5.0	82.8 ± 3.0	76.3 ± 2.4	86.8 ± 5.7	<.001
BMI (kg/m²)	Male	22.1 ± 1.8	24.0 ± 0.7	25.9 ± 0.9	27.5 ± 1.8	<.001
	Female	21.3 ± 1.9	23.5 ± 1.1	25.9 ± 0.9	29.6 ± 2.2	<.001

All values are mean ± SD by ANOVA test with post hoc analysis. NG, normal group (normal BMI with normal WC); COG, centrally obese group (normal BMI with high WC); GOG, generally obese group (high BMI with normal WC); COM, combined obese group (high BMI and high WC); BMI, body mass index.
* P value by general linear model with age and smoking amount adjustment among groups.

Table 2.

Comparison of Metabolic Parameters for NG, COG, GOG, and COM Korean Men

	NG (n = 24,215, 60.5%)	COG (n = 1538, 3.9%)	GOG (n = 5730, 14.3%)	COM (n = 8527, 21.3%)	P Value^*
TC (mg/dL)	188.4 ± 33.5	200.4 ± 34.0	198.3 ± 33.9	201.7 ± 33.9^†	<.001
HDL-C (mg/dL)	50.3 ± 11.8	47.0 ± 10.9^‡	46.4 ± 9.7^†	45.0 ± 9.4	<.001
TG (mg/dL)	131.3 ± 76.6	172.8 ± 91.9^§	165.7 ± 89.7	189.2 ± 101.1^†^‡	<.001
Glucose (mg/dL)	99.4 ± 22.6	106.4 ± 26.6^§	102.6 ± 20.8	106.2 ± 23.3^†	<.001
LDL-C (mg/dL)	111.7 ± 30.6	118.8 ± 32.7	118.7 ± 31.0	118.8 ± 32.4	<.001
s-BP (mm Hg)	118.8 ± 15.5	124.7 ± 16.2	125.1 ± 15.6	129.1 ± 15.7^†^‡	<.001
d-BP (mm Hg)	74.0 ± 10.9	78.0 ± 10.7	78.0 ± 11.3	80.9 ± 11.3^†^‡	<.001

All values are mean ± SD. NG, normal group (normal BMI with normal WC); COG, centrally obese group (normal BMI with high WC); GOG, generally obese group (high BMI with normal WC); COM, combined obese group (high BMI and WC); TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; s-BP, systolic blood pressure; d-BP, diastolic blood pressure.
†, ‡, and § are marked in groups with higher values and P < .05 by ANOVA test.
* P value by general linear model with age and smoking amount adjustment among groups.
† Comparison between GOG and COM.
‡ Comparison between COG and COM.
§ Comparison between COG and GOG.

Table 3.

Comparison of Metabolic Parameters for NG, COG, GOG, and COM Korean Women

	NG (n = 19,495, 66.0%)	COG (n = 2387, 8.1%)	GOG (n = 1867, 6.3%)	COM (n = 5776, 19.6%)	P Value^*
TC (mg/dL)	182.5 ± 34.0	198.8 ± 37.7^†	95.2 ± 35.0	203.1 ± 37.0^‡^§	<.001
HDL-C (mg/dL)	57.5 ± 12.8	53.8 ± 12.8^§	53.6 ± 11.8^‡	51.3 ± 11.5	<.001
TG (mg/dL)	94.0 ± 53.9	129.5 ± 77.8^†	119.0 ± 70.0	145.5 ± 82.7^‡^§	<.001
Glucose (mg/dL)	93.4 ± 14.3	101.1 ± 26.1^†	97.2 ± 17.1	104.4 ± 26.3^‡^§	<.001
LDL-C (mg/dL)	106.1 ± 29.7	119.0 ± 33.7	117.7 ± 31.6	122.6 ± 33.6^‡^§	<.001
s-BP (mm Hg)	110.7 ± 16.4	121.1 ± 19.4	120.5 ± 18.3	129.1 ± 19.2^‡^§	<.001
d-BP (mm Hg)	70.2 ± 10.1	74.6 ± 11.1	74.6 ± 11.2	79.0 ± 11.4^‡^§	<.001

All values are mean ± SD. NG, normal group (normal BMI with normal WC); COG, centrally obese group (normal BMI with high WC); GOG, generally obese group (high BMI with normal WC); COM, combined obese group (high BMI and WC); TC, total cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; s-BP, systolic blood pressure; d-BP, diastolic blood pressure.
†, ‡, and § are marked in groups with higher values and P < .05 by ANOVA test.
* P value by general linear model with age and smoking amount adjustment among groups.
† Comparison between COG and GOG.
‡ Comparison between GOG and COM.
§ Comparison between COG and COM.

Table 4.

Odds Ratios for High FBG and TG in NG, COG, GOG, and COM Groups

FBG, fasting blood sugar; TG, triglyceride; NG, normal group (normal BMI with normal WC); COG, centrally obese group (normal BMI with high WC); GOG, generally obese group (high BMI with normal WC); COM, combined obese group (high BMI and WC); OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
* P < .001, statistically significant difference compared to the NG after age and smoking amount adjustment by the multiple logistic regression model.

Table 5.

Prevalence of Abnormal Metabolic Parameters and Metabolic Syndrome for Men in the NG, COG, GOG, and COM Groups.

	NG (%)	COG (%)	GOG (%)	COM (%)	P Value
Waist (≥90 cm)	0	100	0	100	<.001
HDL-C (<40 mg/dL)	16.7	23.9	24.7	29.5	<.001
TG (≥150 mg/dL)	29.7	51.7	47.5	58.3	<.001
FBG (≥110 mg/dL)	12.3	24.0	18.6	26.3	<.001
BP (≥130/80 mm Hg)	35.6	52.0	50.5	63.4	<.001
MS (%)	4.2	39.1	9.7	49.7	<.001

NG, normal group (normal BMI with normal WC); COG, centrally obese group (normal BMI with high WC); GOG, generally obese group (high BMI with normal WC); COM, combined obese group (high BMI and WC); HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; FBG, fasting blood glucose; BP, blood pressure; MS, metabolic syndrome defined in NCEP-ATP III (Asian guideline). P values were from χ² test.

Table 6.

Prevalence of Abnormal Metabolic Parameters and Metabolic Syndrome for Women in the NG, COG, GOG, and COM Groups

	NG (%)	COG (%)	GOG (%)	COM (%)	P Value
Waist (≥80 cm)	0	100	0	100	<.001
HDL-C (<50 mg/dL)	2.8	39.9	39.5	48.5	<.001
TG (≥150 mg/dL)	11.5	28.4	23.1	37.2	<.001
Glucose (≥110 mg/dL)	4.9	14.3	9.7	21.3	<.001
BP (≥130/80 mm Hg)	21.4	42.9	37.7	57.9	<.001
MS (%)	2.6	33.0	7.8	46.5	<.001

NG, normal group (normal BMI with normal WC); COG, centrally obese group (normal BMI with high WC); GOG, generally obese group (high BMI with normal WC); COM, combined obese group (high BMI and WC); HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; BP, blood pressure; MS, metabolic syndrome defined in NCEP-ATP III (Asian guideline). P values were from χ² test.