Skip to main content

Main menu

  • HOME
  • ARTICLES
    • Current Issue
    • Abstracts In Press
    • Archives
    • Special Issue Archive
    • Subject Collections
  • INFO FOR
    • Authors
    • Reviewers
    • Call For Papers
    • Subscribers
    • Advertisers
  • SUBMIT
    • Manuscript
    • Peer Review
  • ABOUT
    • The JABFM
    • The Editing Fellowship
    • Editorial Board
    • Indexing
    • Editors' Blog
  • CLASSIFIEDS
  • Other Publications
    • abfm

User menu

Search

  • Advanced search
American Board of Family Medicine
  • Other Publications
    • abfm
American Board of Family Medicine

American Board of Family Medicine

Advanced Search

  • HOME
  • ARTICLES
    • Current Issue
    • Abstracts In Press
    • Archives
    • Special Issue Archive
    • Subject Collections
  • INFO FOR
    • Authors
    • Reviewers
    • Call For Papers
    • Subscribers
    • Advertisers
  • SUBMIT
    • Manuscript
    • Peer Review
  • ABOUT
    • The JABFM
    • The Editing Fellowship
    • Editorial Board
    • Indexing
    • Editors' Blog
  • CLASSIFIEDS
  • JABFM on Bluesky
  • JABFM On Facebook
  • JABFM On Twitter
  • JABFM On YouTube
Review ArticleClinical Review

Opioid Analgesics in Primary Care: Challenges and New Advances in the Management of Noncancer Pain

Raymond Sinatra
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine March 2006, 19 (2) 165-177; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.19.2.165
Raymond Sinatra
MD, PhD
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

References

  1. ↵
    Adams NJ, Plane MB, Fleming MF, Mundt MP, Saunders LA, Stauffacher EA. Opioids and the treatment of chronic pain in a primary care sample. J Pain Symptom Manage 2001; 22: 791–6.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  2. ↵
    Federation of State Medical Boards of the United States I. Model guidelines for the use of controlled substances for the treatment of chronic pain. Available from: http://www.medsch.wisc.edu/painpolicy/domestic/model.htm. Accessed December 8, 2004.
  3. ↵
    Gilson AM, Joranson DE. Controlled substances and pain management: changes in knowledge and attitudes of state medical regulators.J Pain Symptom Manage 2001; 21: 227–37.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  4. ↵
    Meldrum ML. A capsule history of pain management.JAMA 2003; 290: 2470–5.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  5. ↵
    Portenoy RK. Opioid therapy for chronic nonmalignant pain: a review of the critical issues.J Pain Symptom Manage 1996; 11: 203–17.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  6. ↵
    Portenoy RK, Foley KM. Chronic use of opioid analgesics in non-malignant pain: report of 38 cases.Pain 1986; 25: 171–86.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  7. ↵
    Martin TJ, Eisenach JC. Pharmacology of opioid and nonopioid analgesics in chronic pain states.J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001; 299: 811–7.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  8. ↵
    Nicholson B. Responsible prescribing of opioids for the management of chronic pain.Drugs 2003; 63: 17–32.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  9. ↵
    Brunton S. Approach to assessment and diagnosis of chronic pain.J Fam Pract 2004; 53: S3–10.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  10. ↵
    National Institutes of Health. The NIH Guide: New directions in pain research I. Washington (DC): US Government Printing Office; 1998.
  11. ↵
    Mercadante S. Opioid rotation for cancer pain: rationale and clinical aspects.Cancer 1999; 86: 1856–66.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  12. ↵
    Chandler S, Payne R. Economics of unrelieved cancer pain. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 1998; 15: 223–6.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  13. ↵
    Abernethy AP, Samsa GP, Matchar DB. A clinical decision and economic analysis model of cancer pain management.Am J Manag Care 2003; 9: 651–64.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  14. ↵
    Twycross RG. Ethical and clinical aspects of pain treatment in cancer patients.Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1982; 26: 83–90.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  15. ↵
    Cowan DT, Wilson-Barnett J, Griffiths P, Allan LG. A survey of chronic noncancer pain patients prescribed opioid analgesics.Pain Med 2003; 4: 340–51.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  16. ↵
    Mahowald ML, Singh JA, Majeski P. Opioid use by patients in an orthopedics spine clinic.Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 312–21.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  17. ↵
    Cowan DT, Wilson-Barnett J, Griffiths P, Vaughan DJ, Gondhia A, Allan LG. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over pilot study to assess the effects of long-term opioid drug consumption and subsequent abstinence in chronic noncancer pain patients receiving controlled-release morphine.Pain Med 2005; 6: 113–21.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  18. ↵
    Gallagher R. Opioids in chronic pain management: navigating the clinical and regulatory challenges.J Fam Pract 2004; 53: S23–32.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  19. ↵
    Charatan F. Time release analgesic causes fatal overdoses in United States. BMJ 2001; 322: 1143.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  20. ↵
    Kuhlman JJ Jr., McCaulley R, Valouch TJ, Behonick GS. Fentanyl use, misuse, and abuse: a summary of 23 postmortem cases.J Anal Toxicol 2003; 27: 499–504.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  21. ↵
    Tharp AM, Winecker RE, Winston DC. Fatal intravenous fentanyl abuse: four cases involving extraction of fentanyl from transdermal patches.Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2004; 25: 178–81.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  22. ↵
    Gilson AM, Joranson DE. U.S. policies relevant to the prescribing of opioid analgesics for the treatment of pain in patients with addictive disease.Clin J Pain 2002; 18: S91–8.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  23. ↵
    McCarberg BH, Barkin RL. Long-acting opioids for chronic pain: pharmacotherapeutic opportunities to enhance compliance, quality of life, and analgesia.Am J Ther 2001; 8: 181–6.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  24. Bressler LR, Geraci MC, Schatz BS. Misperceptions and inadequate pain management in cancer patients.DICP 1991; 25: 1225–30.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  25. ↵
    Butler SF, Budman SH, Fernandez K, Jamison RN. Validation of a screener and opioid assessment measure for patients with chronic pain.Pain 2004; 112: 65–75.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  26. ↵
    Friedman R, Li V, Mehrotra D. Treating pain patients at risk: evaluation of a screening tool in opioid-treated pain patients with and without addiction.Pain Med 2003; 4: 182–5.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  27. ↵
    Adams LL, Gatchel RJ, Robinson RC, et al. Development of a self-report screening instrument for assessing potential opioid medication misuse in chronic pain patients.J Pain Symptom Manage 2004; 27: 440–59.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  28. ↵
    Portenoy RK. Opioid therapy for chronic nonmalignant pain: a review of critical issues. In: Fields HL, Liebeskind JC, editors. Pharmacological approaches to the treatment of chronic pain: new concepts and critical issues. Seattle (WA): IASP Publications; 1994. p. 247–87.
  29. ↵
    Adams D, Royal M, Jenson MG, et al. Retrospective assessment of frequency of dosing of sustained release opiate preparations. American Pain Society 21st Scientific Meeting, March 14–17, 2002. American Pain Society 2002 Abstract Database. Available from: http://www.ampainsoc.org/cgi-bin/abstract2002/search.pl. Accessed September 15, 2004.
  30. ↵
    Wisconsin Medical Society. Guidelines for the assessment and management of chronic pain.WMJ 2004; 103: 13–42.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  31. ↵
    American Society of Anesthesiologists. A report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on pain management, chronic pain section.Anesthesiology 1997; 86: 995–1004.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  32. ↵
    Gimbel J, Ahdieh H. The efficacy and safety of oral immediate-release oxymorphone for postsurgical pain.Anesth Analg 2004; 99: 1472–7.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  33. ↵
    Adams MP, Ahdieh H. Pharmacokinetics and dose-proportionality of oxymorphone extended release and its metabolites: results of a randomized crossover study.Pharmacotherapy 2004; 24: 468–76.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  34. ↵
    Parris WC, Johnson BW Jr., Croghan MK, et al. The use of controlled-release oxycodone for the treatment of chronic cancer pain: a randomized, double-blind study.J Pain Symptom Manage 1998; 16: 205–11.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  35. Stambaugh JE, Reder RF, Stambaugh MD, Stambaugh H, Davis M. Double-blind, randomized comparison of the analgesic and pharmacokinetic profiles of controlled- and immediate-release oral oxycodone in cancer pain patients.J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 41: 500–6.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  36. ↵
    Hale ME, Fleischmann R, Salzman R, et al. Efficacy and safety of controlled-release versus immediate-release oxycodone: randomized, double-blind evaluation in patients with chronic back pain.Clin J Pain 1999; 15: 179–83.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  37. ↵
    Cherny NJ, Chang V, Frager G, et al. Opioid pharmacotherapy in the management of cancer pain: a survey of strategies used by pain physicians for the selection of analgesic drugs and routes of administration.Cancer 1995; 76: 1283–93.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  38. ↵
    American Society of Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for cancer pain management. A report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on pain management, cancer pain section.Anesthesiology 1996; 84: 1243–57.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  39. ↵
    Quang-Cantagrel ND, Wallace MS, Magnuson SK. Opioid substitution to improve the effectiveness of chronic noncancer pain control: a chart review.Anesth Analg 2000; 90: 933–7.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  40. ↵
    Adams M, Pieniaszek HJ Jr., Gammaitoni AR, Ahdieh H. Oxymorphone extended release does not affect CYP2C9 or CYP3A4 metabolic pathways.J Clin Pharmacol 2005; 45: 337–45.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  41. ↵
    Marcus DA, Glick RM. Sustained-release oxycodone dosing survey of chronic pain patients.Clin J Pain 2004; 20: 363–6.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  42. ↵
    Liston HL, Markowitz JS, DeVane CL. Drug glucuronidation in clinical psychopharmacology.J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 21: 500–15.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  43. ↵
    Lotsch J, Skarke C, Tegeder I, Geisslinger G. Drug interactions with patient-controlled analgesia.Clin Pharmacokinet 2002; 41: 31–57.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  44. ↵
    Mogil JS. The genetic mediation of individual differences in sensitivity to pain and its inhibition.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 7744–51.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  45. ↵
    Belgrade MJ. Opioids for chronic nonmalignant pain. Choosing suitable candidates for long-term therapy.Postgrad Med 1999; 106: 115–24.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  46. ↵
    Fishman SM, Wilsey B, Yang J, Reisfield GM, Bandman TB, Borsook D. Adherence monitoring and drug surveillance in chronic opioid therapy.J Pain Symptom Manage 2000; 20: 293–307.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  47. ↵
    Katz NP, Sherburne S, Beach M, et al. Behavioral monitoring and urine toxicology testing in patients receiving long-term opioid therapy.Anesth Analg 2003; 97: 1097–102.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  48. ↵
    Pasero C, Portenoy RK, McCaffery M. Opioid analgesics. In: McCaffery M, Pasero C, editors. Pain clinical manual. St. Louis (MO): Mosby Inc.; 1999. p. 161–299.
  49. ↵
    Dews TE, Mekhail N. Safe use of opioids in chronic noncancer pain.Cleve Clin J Med 2004; 71: 897–904.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  50. ↵
    Cherny N, Ripamonti C, Pereira J, et al. Strategies to manage the adverse effects of oral morphine: an evidence-based report.J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 2542–54.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  51. ↵
    Coluzzi PH, Schwartzberg L, Conroy JD, et al. Breakthrough cancer pain: a randomized trial comparing oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) and morphine sulfate immediate release (MSIR).Pain 2001; 91: 123–30.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  52. ↵
    Mercadante S, Ferrera P, Villari P, Arcuri E. Hyperalgesia: an emerging iatrogenic syndrome.J Pain Symptom Manage 2003; 26: 769–75.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  53. ↵
    Mercadante S. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in cancer pain.Cancer Treat Rev 2001; 27: 51–61.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  54. ↵
    Caterina MJ, Julius D. The vanilloid receptor: a molecular gateway to the pain pathway.Annu Rev Neurosci 2001; 24: 487–517.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  55. Ibrahim MM, Deng H, Zvonok A, et al. Activation of CB2 cannabinoid receptors by AM1241 inhibits experimental neuropathic pain: pain inhibition by receptors not present in the CNS.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100: 10529–33.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  56. ↵
    Wood JN, Heath MJ. Molecules that specify modality: mechanisms of nociception.J Pain 2000; 1: 19–25.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  57. ↵
    Flockhart DA. Cytochrome P450 drug interaction table. Indiana University School of Medicine. Available from: http://medicine.iupui.edu/flockhart/. Accessed September 15, 2004.
  58. ↵
    Lalovic B, Phillips B, Risler LL, Howald W, Shen DD. Quantitative contribution of CYP2D6 and CYP3A to oxycodone metabolism in human liver and intestinal microsomes.Drug Metab Dispos 2004; 32: 447–54.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  59. ↵
    Compazine (prochlorperazine) [full prescribing information]. Research Triangle Park (NC): GlaxoSmithKline; 2004.
  60. ↵
    Zofran (R) (ondansetron hydrochloride) [full prescribing information]. Research Triangle Park (NC): GlaxoSmithKline; 2004.
  61. ↵
    Evans DA, Mahgoub A, Sloan TP, Idle JR, Smith RL. A family and population study of the genetic polymorphism of debrisoquine oxidation in a white British population.J Med Genet 1980; 17: 102–5.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  62. ↵
    Yeh SY, Gorodetzky CW, Krebs HA. Isolation and identification of morphine-3 and 6-glucuronides, morphine 3,6 diglucuronide, morphine 3 ethereal sulfate, normorphine and normorphine 6-glucuronide as morphine metabolites in humans.J Pharm Sci 1977; 66: 1288–93.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  63. ↵
    Sinatra RS, Hyde NH, Harrison DM. Oxymorphone revisited.Semin Anesth 1988; 7: 209–15.
    OpenUrl
  64. ↵
    Pasternak GW. Pharmacological mechanisms of opioid analgesics. Clin Neuropharmacol 1993; 16: 1–18.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  65. ↵
    Uhl GR, Sora I, Wang Z. The mu opiate receptor as a candidate gene for pain: polymorphisms, variations in expression, nociception, and opiate responses.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 7752–5.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  66. ↵
    Ross FB, Smith MT. The intrinsic antinociceptive effects of oxycodone appear to be kappa-opioid receptor mediated.Pain 1997; 73: 151–7.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  67. ↵
    Grilo RM, Bertin P, Scotto di Fazano C, et al. Opioid rotation in the treatment of joint pain. A review of 67 cases.Joint Bone Spine 2002; 69: 491–4.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  68. ↵
    Gear RW, Miaskowski C, Gordon NC, Paul SM, Heller PH, Levine JD. Kappa-opioids produce significantly greater analgesia in women than in men.Nat Med 1996; 2: 1248–50.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  69. ↵
    Cherny NI, Portenoy RK. Cancer pain management. Current strategy.Cancer 1993; 72: 3393–415.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  70. ↵
    Galer BS, Coyle N, Pasternak GW, Portenoy RK. Individual variability in the response to different opioids: report of five cases.Pain 1992; 49: 87–91.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  71. ↵
    Fakata KL, Lipman AG. Pharmacotherapy for pain in rheumatologic conditions: the neuropathic component.Curr Pain Headache Rep 2003; 7: 197–205.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  72. ↵
    Gimbel JS, Richards P, Portenoy RK. Controlled-release oxycodone for pain in diabetic neuropathy: a randomized controlled trial.Neurology 2003; 60: 927–34.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  73. Rowbotham MC, Twilling L, Davies PS, Reisner L, Taylor K, Mohr D. Oral opioid therapy for chronic peripheral and central neuropathic pain.N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1223–32.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  74. ↵
    Watson CP, Babul N. Efficacy of oxycodone in neuropathic pain: a randomized trial in postherpetic neuralgia.Neurology 1998; 50: 1837–41.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  75. ↵
    Mystakidou K, Befon S, Kouskouni E, et al. From codeine to transdermal fentanyl for cancer pain control: a safety and efficacy clinical trial.Anticancer Res 2001; 21: 2225–30.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  76. ↵
    Viscusi ER, Reynolds L, Chung F, Atkinson LE, Khanna S. Patient-controlled transdermal fentanyl hydrochloride vs intravenous morphine pump for postoperative pain: a randomized controlled trial.JAMA 2004; 291: 1333–41.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  77. ↵
    Farrar JT, Cleary J, Rauck R, Busch M, Nordbrock E. Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate: randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial for treatment of breakthrough pain in cancer patients.J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 611–6.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  78. ↵
    Avinza (morphone sulfate extended-release capsules) [full prescribing information]. San Diego (CA): Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated; 2004.
  79. ↵
    Groves ES, Shelby SM, Schlosser L. Efficacy and safety of long-term, once-daily morphine sulfate extended-release capsules in camcer patients with chronic, moderate-to-severe pain. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:
  80. ↵
    Caldwell JR, Rapoport RJ, Davis JC, et al. Efficacy and safety of a once-daily morphine formulation in chronic, moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis pain: results from a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial and an open-label extension trial.J Pain Symptom Manage 2002; 23: 278–91.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  81. ↵
    Mantripragada S. A lipid based depot (DepoFoam technology) for sustained release drug delivery.Prog Lipid Res 2002; 41: 392–406.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  82. ↵
    Gambling D, Hughes T, Martin G, Horton W, Manvelian G. A comparison of Depodur, a novel, single-dose extended-release epidural morphine, with standard epidural morphine for pain relief after lower abdominal surgery.Anesth Analg 2005; 100: 1065–74.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  83. ↵
    Carvalho B, Riley E, Cohen SE, et al. Single-dose, sustained-release epidural morphine in the management of postoperative pain after elective cesarean delivery: results of a multicenter randomized controlled study.Anesth Analg 2005; 100: 1150–8.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  84. ↵
    Sinatra RS, Lodge K, Sibert K, et al. A comparison of morphine, meperidine, and oxymorphone as utilized in patient-controlled analgesia following cesarean delivery.Anesthesiology 1989; 70: 585–90.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  85. ↵
    Sinatra RS, Harrison DM. A comparison of oxymorphone and fentanyl as narcotic supplements in general anesthesia.J Clin Anesth 1989; 1: 253–8.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  86. ↵
    McIlwain H, Ahdieh H. Safety, tolerability, and effectiveness of oxymorphone extended release for moderate to severe osteoarthritis pain: a one-year study.Am J Ther 2005; 12: 106–12.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  87. ↵
    Gabrail NY, Dvergsten C, Ahdieh H. Establishing the dosage equivalency of oxymorphone extended release and oxycodone controlled release in patients with cancer pain: a randomized controlled study.Curr Med Res Opin 2004; 20: 911–8.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  88. ↵
    Hale ME, Dvergsten C, Gimbel J. Efficacy and safety of oxymorphone extended release in chronic low back pain: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled phase III study.J Pain 2005; 6: 21–8.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine: 19 (2)
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
Vol. 19, Issue 2
March-April 2006
  • Table of Contents
  • Index by author
Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on American Board of Family Medicine.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Opioid Analgesics in Primary Care: Challenges and New Advances in the Management of Noncancer Pain
(Your Name) has sent you a message from American Board of Family Medicine
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the American Board of Family Medicine web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
8 + 10 =
Solve this simple math problem and enter the result. E.g. for 1+3, enter 4.
Citation Tools
Opioid Analgesics in Primary Care: Challenges and New Advances in the Management of Noncancer Pain
Raymond Sinatra
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Mar 2006, 19 (2) 165-177; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.19.2.165

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Opioid Analgesics in Primary Care: Challenges and New Advances in the Management of Noncancer Pain
Raymond Sinatra
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Mar 2006, 19 (2) 165-177; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.19.2.165
Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Factors Influencing Treatment Success or Failure
    • Opioids in Clinical Practice
    • New Medications and Formulations
    • Conclusion
    • Notes
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • Factors Influencing Work Interference in Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Residency Research Network of Texas (RRNeT) Study
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Interpretating Normal Values and Reference Ranges for Laboratory Tests
  • Non-Surgical Management of Urinary Incontinence
  • Screening and Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes in Sickle Cell Disease
Show more Clinical Reviews

Similar Articles

Navigate

  • Home
  • Current Issue
  • Past Issues

Authors & Reviewers

  • Info For Authors
  • Info For Reviewers
  • Submit A Manuscript/Review

Other Services

  • Get Email Alerts
  • Classifieds
  • Reprints and Permissions

Other Resources

  • Forms
  • Contact Us
  • ABFM News

© 2025 American Board of Family Medicine

Powered by HighWire