Article Figures & Data
Tables
Cases Subjects Control Subjects Mean ± SD Mean ± SD P* Age (years) Mother 27.7 ± 6.7 24.5 ± 6.1 .001 Father 32.5 ± 10.0 28.5 ± 8.2 .006 N % N % P† Schooling (years) Mother ≤4 12 23.5 23 22.5 .758 5 to 11 37 72.5 77 75.5 ≥12 2 3.9 2 2.0 Father‡ ≤4 8 16.7 20 20.2 .840 5 to 11 38 79.2 74 74.7 ≥12 2 4.2 5 5.1 Skin colour Mother White 33 64.7 53 52.0 .134 Nonwhite 18 35.3 49 48.0 Father‡ White 33 66.0 56 54.9 .192 Nonwhite 17 34.0 46 45.1 Mother and father cohabiting Yes 39 76.5 81 79.4 .677 No 12 23.5 21 20.6 Current employment Mother Yes 14 27.5 20 19.6 .271 No 37 72.5 82 80.4 Father‡ Yes 38 77.6 73 72.3 .490 No 11 22.4 28 27.7 Monthly family income (minimum wages¶) ≤3 25 49.0 43 42.6 .691 4 to 10 23 45.1 53 52.5 >10 3 5.9 5 5.0 Household conditions Good/average 46 90.2 93 91.2 .843 Poor 5 9.8 9 8.8 Number of children ≤3 38 74.5 92 90.2 .010 ≥4 13 25.5 10 9.8 Prenatal follow-up 5 visits 44 86.3 89 87.3 .865 <5 visits 7 13.7 13 12.7 Baby’s sex Female 22 43.1 52 51.0 .360 Male 29 56.9 50 49.0 Birthweight ≥2500 g 49 96.1 94 92.2 0.355 <2500 g 2 3.9 8 7.8 Birth order Firstborn 14 27.5 49 48.0 .015 Other 37 72.5 53 52.0 Method of delivery Vaginal 35 68.6 77 75.5 .366 Caesarean 16 31.4 25 24.5 Length of gestation ≥37 weeks 41 80.4 82 81.2 .906 <37 weeks 10 19.6 19 18.8 Mother-baby separation due to hospitalization of mother No 45 88.2 99 97.1 .029 Yes 6 11.8 3 2.9 Rooming-in Yes 33 66.0 83 83.0 .019 No 17 34.0 17 17.0 Maternal smoking No 26 68.4 57 71.3 .753 Yes 12 31.6 23 28.8 * Student’s t test.
† χ2 test.
‡ Number of fathers varies because some mothers could not give or refused to give information about non-cohabiting fathers.
¶ MW, minimum monthly wage in Brazil (about US $70).
- Table 2.
Mental Diagnoses of Parents at the Time of the Study (According to DSM-IV Criteria and SRQ Scale)
Disorder Case Subjects Control Subjects Total P* N % N % N % Mother (DSM-IV) With disorder 30 58.8 49 48.0 79 51.6 .208 Without disorder 21 41.2 53 52.0 74 48.4 Father (DSM-IV) With disorder 18 47.4 34 41.0 52 43.0 .509 Without disorder 20 52.6 49 59.0 69 57.0 Mother (SRQ) ≥7 (Disorder) 22 43.1 32 31.4 54 35.3 .151 <7 (No disorder) 29 56.9 70 68.6 99 64.7 Father (SRQ)† ≥5 (Disorder) 7 18.9 13 15.7 20 16.7 .658 <5 (No disorder) 30 81.1 70 84.3 100 83.3 * χ2 test.
† n = 120 because SRQ for 1 father was lost.
- Table 3.
Parents’ Emotional and Relational Functioning during the First Month after Delivery and before Pregnancy (Modified GARF Scale)
Disorder Cases Controls Total P* Odds ratio (95% CI) N % N % N % Mother (puerperium) Moderate/severe 29 56.9 38 37.3 67 43.8 .021 2.22 None/mild 22 43.1 64 62.7 86 56.2 (1.12–4.40) Mother (before pregnancy) Moderate/severe 25 49.0 43 42.2 68 44.4 .421 None/mild 26 51.0 59 57.8 85 55.6 Father (puerperium) Moderate/severe 15 39.5 24 28.9 39 32.2 .249 None/mild 23 60.5 59 71.1 82 67.8 Father (before pregnancy) Moderate/severe 15 39.5 30 36.1 45 37.2 .725 None/mild 23 60.5 53 63.9 76 62.8 * χ2 test.
- Table 4.
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis to Assess Association of Mother’s Mental Health* during the First Month after Delivery and Weaning, Using after Controlling for Possible Confounding Variables
Variables Odds Ratio† 95% Confidence Interval P‡ Mother’s age ≥21 years 2.92 1.02 to 8.37 .046 Not firstborn 1.71 0.72 to 4.08 .228 Mother-baby separation 5.03 0.93 to 27.17 .061 No rooming-in 2.04 0.84 to 4.98 .116 Mother’s moderate/severe emotional and relational functioning disorder in puerperium 2.09 0.99 to 4.41 .052 * Modified GARF scale.
† Chance of breast-feeding termination before 4 months.
‡ Wald χ2 test.
- Table 5.
Mothers’ Emotional and Relational Functioning during the First Month after Delivery and at 4 Months Postpartum (Modified GARF Scale and DSM-IV)
Psychiatric Diagnostic Impression Four Months Postpartum Emotional Functioning First Month after Delivery No/Mild Disorders (N = 74) Moderate/Severe Disorders (N = 79) No or mild disorder (n = 86) 90.5% 9.5% Moderate to severe disorder (n = 67) 24.1% 75.9% - Table 6.
Psychiatric Diagnoses of Parents When the Baby Was 4 Months Old (According to DSM-IV Criteria)
DSM-IV Case Subjects Control Subjects P* N % N % Mother Depression 21 41.2 33 32.4 .451 Anxiety 5 9.8 8 7.8 Alcohol abuse 2 3.9 1 1.0 Mental retardation 2 3.9 4 3.9 Other disorders 0 0.0 3 2.9 Without disorder 21 41.2 53 52.0 Father Depression 10 26.3 18 21.7 .429 Anxiety 4 10.5 3 3.6 Alcohol abuse 4 10.5 8 9.6 Mental retardation 0 0.0 3 3.6 Other disorders 0 0.0 2 2.4 Without disorder 20 52.6 49 59.0 * χ2 test.
- Table 7.
Association between Mother’s and Father’s Mental Health at 4 Months Postpartum (According to DSM-IV Criteria)
Paternal Mental Health* P† Without Psychiatric Disorder (n = 69) With Psychiatric Disorder (n = 12) Maternal Mental Health Without psychiatric disorder (n = 61) 71.0% 23.1% .000 With psychiatric disorder (n = 60) 29.0% 76.9% * Only 121 fathers were interviewed.
† χ2 test.
