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Research ArticleOriginal Article

Characteristics of Mothers Who Have Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or Some Characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Valborg L. Kvigne, Gary R. Leonardson, Joseph Borzelleca, Ellen Brock, Martha Neff-Smith and Thomas K. Welty
The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice July 2003, 16 (4) 296-303; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.16.4.296
Valborg L. Kvigne
MBA
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Gary R. Leonardson
PhD
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Joseph Borzelleca
MD, MPH
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Ellen Brock
MD, MPH
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Martha Neff-Smith
PhD, MPH, RN
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Thomas K. Welty
MD, MPH
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Article Figures & Data

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    Table 1.

    Demographic and Pregnancy Factors of Mothers of Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) (Study 1) and Mothers of Children with Some Characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (Study 2).

    Demographic and Pregnancy FactorsStudy 1Study 2
    Case*n = 43Mean (Range)Controln = 86Mean (Range)P ValueCase*n = 35Mean (Range)Controln = 70Mean (Range)P Value
    Number of criteria for FAS5.0 (5–5)0.48 (0–3).0013.2 (1–4)0.31 (0–3).001
    Age (years)26.6 (17–39)24.2 (17–37).0228.0 (18–41)24.5 (17–37).01
    Education (years)9.8 (8–12)11.0 (8–16).00310.2 (7–12)11.0 (6–15).11
    Gravidity6.6 (1–15)5.0 (1–14).0076.0 (2–11)4.6 (1–12).02
    Number of live-born children5.5 (1–12)4.3 (1–12).015.5 (2–11)4.1 (1–10).01
    Number of children before index child3.4 (0–10)1.9 (0–9).0013.1 (0–10)1.7 (0–8).01
    Number of children after index child1.2 (0–6)1.3 (0–4).651.4 (0–7)1.5 (0–4).96
    Number of prenatal visits†3.7 (0–14)6.4 (0–17).0043.1 (0–9)7.0 (0–20).001
    Month of first prenatal visit†5.2 (1–9)4.5 (1–9).175.0 (2–9)3.8 (1–8).04
    • * None of the differences between study 1 and 2 case mothers are statistically significant.

    • † Data are for the pregnancy with the index child.

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    Table 2.

    Mean Number of Visits for Maternal Injuries 5 Years Before the Birth of the Index Child (or Until 1, August 1995) for Mothers with Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (Study 1) and Mothers of Children with Some Characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (Study 2).

    Injury CharacteristicsStudy 1Study 2
    Case*ControlP ValueCase*ControlP Value
    Unintentional injuries†4.62.6.0043.02.6.78
     Alcohol involved†1.70.2.0031.20.5.14
     Hospitalized0.90.2.050.90.2.15
    Intentional injuries†4.62.0.063.31.8.05
     Alcohol involved†2.50.6.012.20.9.002
     Hospitalized0.80.1.120.30.3.49
    • * None of the differences between study 1 and 2 cases are statistically significant.

    • † The mean numbers of total injuries and total alcohol-related injuries were significantly higher for both study 1 and 2 case mothers than control mothers (P = .01).

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    Table 3.

    Medical Record Documentation of Maternal Sexual Abuse, Mental Health Problems, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and Family Planning.

    CharacteristicsStudy 1Study 2
    Case (%)*Control (%)Odds Ratio (95% CL)Case (%)*Control (%)Odds Ratio (95% CL)
    Sexual abuse25.68.12.33 (1.04–5.36)17.110.01.80 (0.47–6.87)
    Diagnosed coexisting mental health problem62.841.92.48 (1.05–6.34)51.427.12.94 (1.11–8.69)
    Diagnosed with depression34.917.42.38 (1.00–6.06)20.015.71.37 (0.39–4.83)
    Suicide attempts39.527.91.66 (0.72–3.90)40.021.42.29 (0.89–6.18)
    Had sexually transmitted disease69.868.61.07 (0.41–2.87)62.957.11.26 (0.51–3.20)
    Use of family planning58.160.50.91 (0.40–2.07)45.754.30.65 (0.26–1.63)
     Condoms27.947.70.34 (0.12–0.90)20.021.40.90 (0.25–3.24)
     Birth control pills16.332.60.37 (0.11–1.00)14.338.60.29 (0.10–0.84)
     Sterilization20.98.13.52 (1.00–16.08)5.711.40.50 (0.11–2.35)
    • Note: study 1 = mothers of children with fetal alcohol syndrome; study 2 = mothers of children with some characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome.

    • * None of the differences between study 1 and study 2 case mothers are statistically significant.

    • CI = confidence interval.

    • View popup
    Table 4.

    Percentage of Mothers Who Had a Medical Record Documentation of Maternal Alcohol Abuse, Medical Problems, Treatment, Aerosol Abuse, Grandmother and Partner Alcohol Use.

    CharacteristicStudy 1Study 2
    Case (%)Control (%)Odds Ratio* or P ValueCase (%)Control (%)Odds Ratio* or P Value
    Alcohol-related medical problems81.4†19.817.14 (5.30–88.15)57.1†20.05.67 (1.99–19.84)
     Cirrhosis16.30P = .0012.90P = .72
     Trauma60.510.514.43 (4.36–75.13)42.912.95.77 (1.78–24.41)
     Delirium tremens25.60P = .00111.41.48.0 (0.79–393.98)
    Alcohol abuse at any time recorded in chart‡95.3†39.539.85 (6.52–1638.3)77.1†32.96.12 (2.21–21.01)
     Heavy93.0†34.942.79 (7.02–1756.8)57.1†21.45.40 (1.88–18.96)
     Binge41.914.04.65 (1.72–14.59)48.614.36.41 (2.03–26.73)
     Daily37.21.248.77 (6.98–2136.0)28.61.420.0 (2.85–867.95)
    Referral to alcohol treatment79.1†25.613.80 (4.21–71.49)57.1†11.48.58 (2.83–34.57)
    Alcohol use following first treatment94.150.016.0 (2.65–125.1)75.037.55.00 (0.66–43.02)
    Alcohol use following last treatment50.022.73.40 (0.86–13.59)40.00P = .10
    Aerosol abuse7.00P = .072.90P = .77
    Cigarette use62.860.51.10 (0.49–2.51)62.954.31.43 (0.57–3.56)
    Maternal problems possibly related to prenatal alcohol exposure30.210.53.83 (1.35–10.86)17.12.96.00 (1.07–60.79)
    Maternal grandmother alcohol use92.943.924.00 (2.70–213.4)78.938.94.98 (1.03–48.11)
    Partner’s alcohol use62.855.81.32 (0.63–2.74)65.754.31.50 (0.69–3.27)
    • Note: study 1 = mothers of children with fetal alcohol syndrome; study 2 = mothers of children with some characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome.

    • * 95 percent confidence interval in parentheses.

    • † Differences between study 1 and study 2 case mothers are statistically significant.

    • ‡ Two case mothers of children with fetal alcohol syndrome had alcohol use documented only in the child’s medical record.

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The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice: 16 (4)
The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice
Vol. 16, Issue 4
1 Jul 2003
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Characteristics of Mothers Who Have Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or Some Characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Valborg L. Kvigne, Gary R. Leonardson, Joseph Borzelleca, Ellen Brock, Martha Neff-Smith, Thomas K. Welty
The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice Jul 2003, 16 (4) 296-303; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.16.4.296

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Characteristics of Mothers Who Have Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or Some Characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Valborg L. Kvigne, Gary R. Leonardson, Joseph Borzelleca, Ellen Brock, Martha Neff-Smith, Thomas K. Welty
The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice Jul 2003, 16 (4) 296-303; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.16.4.296
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