Objectives In the coming generation, older adults with bipolar disorder (BD) will increase in
absolute numbers as well as proportion of the general population. This is the first report of …

Introduction. Valproic acid (VPA) is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug that is now used
commonly for several other neurological and psychiatric indications. VPA is usually well …

Human adults produce around 1000 mmol of ammonia daily. Some is reutilized in
biosynthesis. The remainder is waste and neurotoxic. Eventually most is excreted in urine as …

Valproic acid (VPA), or sodium valproate, is a commonly used medication for seizure
disorders, migraines, and mental illness. Although VPA is relatively safe, it still has several …

Hepatic encephalopathy is a medical phenomenon that is described as a neuropsychiatric
manifestation of chronic or acute liver disease that is characterized by psychomotor …

INTRODUCTION: Valproate (VPA)-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy (VHE) is a
serious drug-related adverse effect characterized by lethargy, vomiting, cognitive slowing …

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) can range from mild jittery movements, nausea,
sweating to more severe symptoms such as seizure and death. Severe AWS can worsen …

Ammonia is produced continuously in the body. It crosses the blood–brain barrier readily
and at increased concentration it is toxic to the brain. A highly integrated system protects …

Background: This brief review presents a comprehensive evaluation of valproate-induced
encephalopathy (VHE) and also discusses potential mechanisms of the condition. Scope …

Background Hyperammonemia is an adverse effect that poses clinical uncertainty around
valproic acid (VPA) use. The prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic …