One of the problems in mounting a trial of treatment of back pain is the lack of suitable
outcome measures. This paper describes the development and validation of a questionnaire …

▪ Abstract Multiple sclerosis (MS) develops in young adults with a complex predisposing
genetic trait and probably requires an inciting environmental insult such as a viral infection to …

This paper defines quality of health care. We suggest that there are two principal dimensions
of quality of care for individual patients; access and effectiveness. In essence, do users get …

Comorbidity is associated with worse health outcomes, more complex clinical management,
and increased health care costs. There is no agreement, however, on the meaning of the …

Study Design. An international group of back pain researchers considered recommendations
for standardized measures in clinical outcomes research in patients with back pain. …

Primary demyelination in the central nervous system results from damage to the myelin sheath
or oligodendroglia and can be produced by a variety of mechanisms, including metabolic …

Understanding of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, has expanded considerably
in recent years. New insights have been provided by not only animal models but also …

Using the ImmunoChip custom genotyping array, we analyzed 14,498 subjects with multiple
sclerosis and 24,091 healthy controls for 161,311 autosomal variants and identified 135 …

Randomised controlled trials are the most rigorous way of determining whether a cause-effect
relation exists between treatment and outcome and for assessing the cost effectiveness of …

Background In 2004, after a series of national initiatives associated with marked improvements
in the quality of care, the National Health Service of the United Kingdom introduced a pay-…