Abstract
Smoking during pregnancy is among the leading preventable causes of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Smoking prevalence among young women is the primary determinant of smoking prevalence during pregnancy. Smoking among women of childbearing age is associated with reduced fertility, increased complications of pregnancy, and a variety of adverse fetal outcomes. There is increasing evidence of lasting adverse effects on offspring. Guidelines for smoking cessation during pregnancy have been developed. This article reviews the epidemiology of smoking during pregnancy, the adverse effects of smoking on the mother, fetus, and offspring, and recommended approaches to smoking cessation for pregnant women.
MeSH terms
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Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / epidemiology
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Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / etiology
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Cognition Disorders / epidemiology
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Cognition Disorders / etiology
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Female
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Humans
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Infant, Low Birth Weight
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Infant, Newborn
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Infertility, Female / epidemiology
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Infertility, Female / etiology
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Maternal-Fetal Exchange
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Nervous System Physiological Phenomena / drug effects
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Nicotine / adverse effects
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Overweight / epidemiology
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Overweight / etiology
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Pregnancy Complications / epidemiology*
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Pregnancy Complications / etiology*
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Pregnancy Outcome
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Pregnancy*
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Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / epidemiology
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Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / etiology
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Respiratory Tract Diseases / epidemiology
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Respiratory Tract Diseases / etiology
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Risk Factors
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Smoking / adverse effects*
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Smoking / epidemiology*
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Smoking / trends
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Smoking Cessation / methods*
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Smoking Cessation / psychology
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Smoking Cessation / statistics & numerical data*
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Sudden Infant Death / epidemiology
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Sudden Infant Death / etiology
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United States / epidemiology