Prevention and health promotion in clinical practice: the views of general practitioners in Europe
Introduction
Disease prevention and health promotion are important tasks in the daily practice of all general practitioners (GPs). A recent suggested definition of general practice emphasizes the role of GPs in prevention, stating that ‘the general practitioner engages with autonomous individuals across the fields of prevention, diagnosis, cure, care and palliation, using and integrating the sciences of biomedicine, medical psychology and medical sociology’ [1].
Two thirds of the population visit their GP one or more times each year and 90% at least once in 5 years [2]. Therefore, GPs are in an excellent position to administer age- and sex-specific preventive and health promotion packages in an opportunistic manner, that is, when patients visit them for any reason. However, differences in the structure and organisation of practice in European countries are associated with a large variation in the degree of involvement of general practitioners in preventive activities [3]. The Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination [4] and the US Preventive Services Task Force [5], which are probably the most comprehensive preventive guidelines that have been published, recommend a very limited screening physical examination, relatively few screening laboratory tests and extensive risk-specific counselling. Nevertheless, studies carried out in the US have shown that family physicians perform extensive screening physical examination and many screening laboratory test of unknown effectiveness [6]. Moreover, a recent study has shown that less that half of all Americans receive some of the most valuable and effective preventive health services available to them [7]. Other countries have developed and evaluated their own guidelines, showing that there is an unequal level of performance depending on the preventive procedure and on the target population [8].
Previous research about the role of primary care physicians in prevention and health promotion has been concentrated on specific topics such as attitudes to and involvement in health promotion and lifestyle counselling [9], and perception of GPs in modifying behaviour [10].
The objective of this study was to explore the knowledge and attitudes of European GPs in implementing evidence-based, health promotion and disease prevention recommendations in primary care, to describe GPs' perceived barriers to implementing these recommendations, and to assess how GPs' own health behaviors affect their work with their patients.
Section snippets
Design
A postal survey was carried out using a pre-paid addressed envelope. We developed and pre-tested a questionnaire that included the following parts: the first with demographic and professional data (10 questions), the second one with two clinical scenarios comprising a list of different preventive and health promotion activities with two different columns for responses—beliefs and attitudes in practice (34 questions), a third part with items related with barriers in implementing preventive
Results
Eleven European countries participated in the study (Croatia, Estonia, Georgia, Greece, Ireland, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden), giving a total of 2082 GPs. The mean age was 44 years (SD 9.5, 23–84), and 60% were female. Table 1 shows sample size, age and sex characteristics of respondents by each individual country. The mean response rate was 54%, ranging from 50% in Malta to 65% in Croatia.
Professional characteristics requested in the first part of the questionnaire are
Discussion
European networks such as EUROPREV have the facility to obtain and share useful information from national colleges of GPs in order to compare not only organisational health services, but also to collate guides and tools used for prevention and health promotion in clinical practice. Our network of GP colleges also permits the running of specific research projects, such as the survey that we carried out of more than 2000 GPs. Although our study involved the participation of 11 colleges of GPs,
Acknowledgments
The EUROPREV network: Mary Sheehan (Irish College of General Practitioners), Ton Drenthen (Dutch College of GPs), Godfrey Fowler (Royal College of General Practitioners), Revaz Tataradze (Georgia Association of GPs and FPs), Artur Mierzecki, Maciek Godycki-Cwirko (The College of Family Physicians in Poland), Mario R Sammut, (Malta College of Family Doctors), Eva Jurgova (Slovak Society of General Practice), Elena V. Frolova (St. Petersburg Medical Academy of Postgraduate Study), Liivia
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- 1
EUROPREV (The European Network for Prevention and Health Promotion in General Practice/Family Medicine - www.europrev.org) is a network organisation within WONCA Region Europe - The European Society of General Practice/Family Medicine.
- 2
Coordinating and Data Management Centre: Carlos Brotons (Coordinator), Ramon Ciurana, Pilar Kloppe, Rosa Piñeiro, Juan José Antón, Manuel Iglesias, Marco Fornasini.