Original ArticleFactors associated with health-promoting behavior of people with or at high risk of metabolic syndrome: Based on the health belief model
Section snippets
Background
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is characterized by a cluster of metabolic risk factors, which include impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, and central obesity (Grundy et al., 2005). The prevalence of MS is approximately 23% in United States and 21% in Hong Kong China (Bandura, 1977, Beltrán-Sánchez et al., 2013). While the presence of MS increases risk of cardiovascular events by approximately 2 times, people with MS are also five times more likely than others to develop
Design and data collection
A cross-sectional survey design was used to assess health-promoting behaviors of people with, or at high risk of, MS in a community setting. A health assessment program was run in two large urban areas of Hong Kong China to promote awareness of cardiovascular health for those between the ages of 18 and 65. A registered nurse first conducted basic health assessments, consisting of the measurement of height, weight, body fat composition, waist circumference, blood pressure, and fasting capillary
Characteristics of subjects
Table 2 provides a summary of subjects’ demographic and clinical data. A total of 132 subjects were recruited with a mean age of 49.30 (SD = 9.46) years, of whom 63% were aged 50 or above. One-third of the subjects had their highest education level below secondary school and 46% had a monthly family income less than the local median (Census and Statistics Department HKSAR, 2012). Regarding their health status, 59% were obese and 25% were overweight. Despite the fact that this study did not
Discussion
In this study, health-promoting behaviors of people with, or at high risk of, MS were examined, providing information on the possible influencing factors based on a theoretical framework. The results of this study showed that individuals in their mid-life, despite their high cardiometabolic risk, exhibit only moderate levels of health-promoting behavior. On the other hand, the importance of self-efficacy and reduced barriers in predicting health-promoting behaviors in regard to exercise and
Limitations
Firstly, although predictors in this study were conceptualized according to a well-established theoretical concept, the cross-sectional study design limited the conclusions that could be drawn on the causal relationship between self-efficacy and HBM factors on health-promoting behaviors. Moreover, the use of self-reporting in this study may have resulted in recall bias of the study variables. Future studies may consider the use of objective measurements, such as those provided by accelerometers
Implications
People with, or at high risk of, MS are susceptible to the development of CVD. The present findings highlight the factors of importance for the development of effective strategies for people at a higher risk for CVD. In Hong Kong China, there is so far no reported health promotion program for people with, or at high risk of, MS at the primary care level. Current practice of health promotion had focused on separate disease groups, where strategies to manage the clustering of cardiometabolic risk
Declaration
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Professional Development Fund of the Association of Hong Kong Nursing Staff.
References (28)
- et al.
Prevalence and trends of metabolic syndrome in the adult U.S. population, 1999–2010
Journal of the American College of Cardiology
(2013) - et al.
The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Journal of the American College of Cardiology
(2010) - et al.
The impact of barriers and self-efficacy on self-care behaviors in type 2 diabetes
The Diabetes Educator
(2001) Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
Psychological Review
(1977)- et al.
Self-rated abilities for health practices: A health self-efficacy measure
Health Values: The Journal of Health Behavior, Education & Promotion
(1993) A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of health belief model variables in predicting behavior
Health Communication
(2010)Thematic report household income distribution in Hong Kong
(2012)- et al.
The predictors of adopting a health‐promoting lifestyle among work site adults with prediabetes
Journal of Clinical Nursing
(2010) Non-communicable disease
- et al.
Effectiveness of interventions for reducing diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk in people with metabolic syndrome: Systematic review and mixed treatment comparison meta‐analysis
Diabetes, obesity & metabolism
(2012)
Health‐related behaviours of people with diabetes and those with cardiometabolic risk factors: Results from SHIELD
International Journal of Clinical Practice
Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute scientific statement
Circulation
Chronic diseases zone
Predictors of health-promoting behavior associated with cardiovascular diseases among Korean blue-collar workers
Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health
Cited by (28)
Shared decision-making in physical therapy: A cross-sectional study on physiotherapists’ knowledge, attitudes and self-reported use
2018, Patient Education and CounselingCitation Excerpt :Knowledge on the theoretical concept of SDM was neither associated with use nor with attitudes towards SDM. This is in line with research results on health behavior [26–28]. Thus, providing physiotherapists with information only is not likely to be sufficient for the implementation of SDM.
Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Infertility Self-Efficacy Scale
2016, International Journal of Nursing SciencesCitation Excerpt :People with high self-efficacy more likely exhibit healthy behaviors. For example, exercise and diet management for people with or at a high risk of metabolic syndrome is effective by changing self-efficacy beliefs [22]. The effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on panic disorder is also attributed to self-efficacy to a certain extent [23].
Lasting effects of a brief, scalable diabetes conversation map psychosocial intervention on health beliefs and health behaviors: A large randomized controlled trial in Taiwan
2023, Applied Psychology: Health and Well-BeingA Comprehensive Review of Modern Methods to Improve Diabetes Self-Care Management Systems
2023, International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and ApplicationsComparison of Factors Related to Health Behavior for Cardiocerebrovascular Disease Prevention in Middle-Aged Women with and without Depression
2022, Journal of the Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing