GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
Section snippets
Epidemiology
There are few quantitative data regarding the epidemiology of gastrointestinal bleeding in children. It is relatively uncommon but not rare. The incidence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in ambulatory pediatric patients has not been reported. Published data are limited to the pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) population.31, 37, 112 One prospective ICU study112 reported an incidence of 6.4% (63 episodes in 984 patients). Only four (0.4%) episodes were considered life-threatening. Other
Epidemiology
Even though rectal bleeding is commonly encountered in clinical pediatric practice, the epidemiology of this problem is not well established in an ambulatory care setting. Teach and Fleisher192 reported the course of 104 children with rectal bleeding presenting to a tertiary care emergency department during a 10-month period. Rectal bleeding represented the chief complaint in 0.3% of all visits during this time period. Almost half of the children were younger than 1 year old. Allergic colitis
SMALL BOWEL HEMORRHAGE
Meckel's diverticulum, a congenital remnant of the vitellointestinal duct described by Meckel in 1809, is the most important source of small bowel hemorrhage in children.201 It obeys the rule of 2s: present in 2% of the population, located 2 feet from the ileocecal valve, and bleeding in children younger than 2 years of age. The diverticulum arises on the antimesenteric border of the ileum and is lined by ileal mucosa that frequently contains ectopic gastric or pancreatic tissue. Bleeding
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Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to portal hypertension in children: What is the best timing of endoscopy?
2022, Digestive and Liver DiseaseCitation Excerpt :Although acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (AUGIB) is more common in adults than in children, it can be potentially severe in the pediatric age group and a source of great anxiety for parents, patients, and medical staff [1-3].
Feeding-based treatment of allergic proctocolitis and associated clinical outcomes
2020, Clinical Nutrition ESPENFood protein-induced allergic proctocolitis in infants: Literature review and proposal of a management protocol
2020, World Allergy Organization JournalGastrointestinal Hemorrhage
2020, Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, Sixth EditionIs my baby normal? A review of seemingly worrisome but normal newborn signs, symptoms and behaviors
2019, American Journal of Emergency MedicineCitation Excerpt :There are however potentially more serious causes of lower gastrointestinal bleeding such as obstruction, necrotizing enterocolitis, Hirschprung disease and associated enterocolitis, volvulus, and vitamin K deficiency. These diseases can be diagnosed by targeted laboratory and imaging studies [27,34]. Obstruction and necrotizing enterocolitis can be evaluated with abdominal radiographs; [27] Hirschprung disease can be evaluated with a barium enema but the gold standard is a biopsy showing absence of ganglion cells in the colonic submucosa; [35] and volvulus can be evaluated with an upper gastrointestinal series [36].
Gastrointestinal Bleeding
2018, Nelson Pediatric Symptom-Based Diagnosis
Address reprint requests to Victor L. Fox, MD, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115