Baseline Characteristics of Depressed Clients by Family Income Status
| Overall (N = 1018) | Clients with Income Not Below the FPL (n = 268) | Clients with Income Below the FPL (n = 750) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 45.8 ± 12.9 | 46.6 ± 13.7 | 45.4 ± 12.5 | .36 |
| Female sex | 595 (57.0) | 150 (54.7) | 445 (57.9) | .48 |
| Race/ethnicity | .93 | |||
| Hispanic | 409 (41.0) | 107 (40.8) | 302 (41.1) | |
| African American | 488 (46.0) | 127 (45.2) | 361 (46.2) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 86 (9.2) | 25 (10.3) | 61 (8.9) | |
| Other | 35 (3.8) | 8 (3.6) | 27 (3.9) | |
| Married or living with a partner | 231 (22.6) | 82 (30.3) | 149 (19.8) | <.01 |
| Less than high school education | 446 (43.6) | 94 (35.2) | 352 (46.6) | <.01 |
| Working for pay | 205 (20.0) | 91 (33.5) | 114 (15.1) | <.01 |
| 12-Month depressive disorder | 629 (61.9) | 159 (59.1) | 470 (62.9) | .33 |
| PHQ-8 score | 15.0 ± 4.1 | 14.7 ± 4.2 | 15.1 ± 4.1 | .31 |
| Poor mental health–related quality of life | 546 (53.2) | 146 (55.2) | 400 (52.5) | .49 |
| Mental wellness | 407 (39.7) | 107 (39.3) | 300 (39.8) | .87 |
| Good physical health | 759 (74.3) | 210 (77.7) | 548 (73.0) | .12 |
| ≥3 Chronic health conditions | 548 (54.7) | 151 (57.9) | 397 (53.6) | .31 |
| No health insurance | 545 (54.1) | 121 (45.2) | 424 (57.3) | <.01 |
| Life difficulties total score of 1 | 4.1 ± 2.8 | 4.2 ± 2.8 | 4.0 ± 2.7 | .56 |
| Hazardous drinker or alcohol use disorder | 248 (24.5) | 66 (24.2) | 182 (24.6) | .91 |
| Misused any drugs in past 6 months | 357 (35.3) | 86 (32.6) | 271 (36.2) | .41 |
| Involved in the justice system | 201 (19.6) | 43 (16.2) | 158 (20.9) | .10 |
| Homeless or ≥2 risk for homelessness | 538 (54.1) | 136 (50.7) | 403 (55.3) | .25 |
Data are mean ± SD or n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
FPL, federal poverty level; PHQ-8, 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire; SD, standard deviation.