Health and Social Outcomes by Intervention Assignment Among Mutually Exclusive Client Subgroups Below the Federal Poverty Line (Model 2)
| Involved in the Justice System (n = 158) | Homeless, Not Involved in the Justice System (n = 298) | Other Poor (n = 294) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RS | CEP | CEP vs. RS, Test (95% CI) | ES | RS | CEP | CEP vs. RS, Test (95% CI) | ES | RS | CEP | CEP vs. RS, Test (95% CI) | ES | |
| Poor MHQOL (%) | OR | OR | OR | |||||||||
| 6-Month follow-up | 50.1 (5.3) | 38.0 (5.7) | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | 0.24 | 55.6 (5.8) | 49.4 (4.8) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 0.12 | 47.9 (4.4) | 47.6 (3.7) | 1.0 (0.6–1.5) | 0.00 |
| 12-Month follow-up | 50.6 (8.0) | 40.9 (7.9) | 0.7 (0.3–1.8) | 0.19 | 55.3 (4.4) | 48.1 (4.6) | 0.7 (0.5–1.2) | 0.14 | 50.2 (4.8) | 45.8 (5.4) | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | 0.09 |
| PHQ-9 standard score (mean) | Difference | Difference | Difference | |||||||||
| 6-Month follow-up | 13.0 (1.0) | 13.0 (0.9) | 0.0 (−2.9 to 2.9) | 0.00 | 13.7 (0.6) | 12.8 (0.7) | −0.9 (−2.7 to 1.0) | 0.13 | 12.5 (0.8) | 12.5 (0.7) | 0.0 (−2.5 to 2.4) | 0.00 |
| 12-Month follow-up | 11.8 (0.9) | 11.5 (1.2) | −0.3 (−2.6 to 2.1) | 0.04 | 12.7 (0.6) | 12.1 (0.6) | −0.6 (−2.2 to 1.0) | 0.09 | 12.5 (0.8) | 12.6 (0.6) | 0.0 (−1.9 to 1.9) | 0.00 |
| Mental wellness (%) | OR | OR | OR | |||||||||
| 6-Month follow-up | 31.0 (6.4) | 50.8 (6.7) | 2.5 (0.9–6.9) | 0.41 | 33.4 (4.7) | 40.3 (4.2) | 1.4 (0.7–2.7) | 0.14 | 29.6 (4.1) | 45.7 (4.3) | 2.1 (1.2–3.7)* | 0.33 |
| 12-Month follow-up | 51.8 (8.3) | 58.4 (6.8) | 1.3 (0.4–4.1) | 0.13 | 40.1 (5.0) | 48.9 (6.1) | 1.5 (0.7–3.0) | 0.18 | 46.1 (5.5) | 43.0 (4.5) | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | 0.06 |
| Good physical health (%) | ||||||||||||
| 6-Month follow-up | 74.2 (5.5) | 79.8 (5.5) | 1.4 (0.6–3.5) | 0.13 | 73.5 (3.1) | 74.0 (4.8) | 1.0 (0.6–1.8) | 0.01 | 72.9 (4.4) | 76.8 (3.9) | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | 0.09 |
| 12-Month follow-up | 73.9 (5.4) | 81.8 (7.1) | 1.6 (0.5–4.9) | 0.19 | 66.5 (4.0) | 78.3 (4.0) | 1.9 (1–3.4)* | 0.27 | 70.9 (5.3) | 77.0 (3.6) | 1.4 (0.8–2.5) | 0.14 |
| Homeless/risk (%) | ||||||||||||
| 6-Month follow-up | 41.9 (7.3) | 20.6 (6.4) | 0.4 (0.1–0.9)† | 0.46 | 55.1 (4.5) | 46.1 (5.9) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 0.18 | 24.5 (4.6) | 17.9 (3.3) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 0.16 |
| 12-Month follow-up | 32.2 (8.6) | 36.7 (6.6) | 1.2 (0.5–2.8) | 0.10 | 45.2 (4.7) | 48.0 (4.9) | 1.1 (0.7–1.9) | 0.06 | 23.1 (5.1) | 21.7 (4.6) | 0.9 (0.4–2.1) | 0.03 |
| Worried about cost (%) | ||||||||||||
| 6-Month follow-up | 34.9 (6.5) | 32.9 (5.4) | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | 0.04 | 35.7 (4.4) | 30.7 (4.2) | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | 0.11 | 29.0 (4.6) | 27.5 (4.1) | 0.9 (0.6–1.6) | 0.03 |
| 12-Month follow-up | 30.8 (5.6) | 26.4 (7.7) | 0.8 (0.3–2.0) | 0.10 | 37.3 (4.3) | 23.3 (4.9) | 0.5 (0.2–1.0) | 0.31 | 28.3 (4.8) | 23.7 (3.7) | 0.8 (0.4–1.4) | 0.11 |
| Life difficulties total score out of 15 (mean) | Difference | Difference | Difference | |||||||||
| 6-Month follow-up | 2.9 (0.4) | 1.9 (0.3) | −1.1 (−1.9 to −0.2)† | 0.44 | 3.3 (0.3) | 3.3 (0.3) | 0.0 (−0.8 to 0.7) | 0.01 | 2.6 (0.3) | 2.6 (0.2) | −0.1 (−0.7 to 0.5) | 0.03 |
| 12-Month follow-up | 2.5 (0.4) | 2.6 (0.3) | 0.1 (−1.3 to 1.5) | 0.04 | 3.0 (0.2) | 2.7 (0.3) | −0.2 (−0.9 to 0.4) | 0.10 | 2.7 (0.3) | 2.5 (0.3) | −0.2 (−1.0 to 0.6) | 0.12 |
Data are estimate (standard error) unless otherwise indicated.
Intervention–by–vulnerable subgroups interaction models used multiple imputed data weighted for eligible sample for enrollment and accounted for the design effect of the cluster randomization. A linear regression model was used for a continuous variable (presented as between-group difference) or a logistic regression model for a binary variable (presented as odds ratio [OR]); adjusted for baseline status of the dependent variable, age, education, race/ethnicity, 12-month depressive disorder, and community; and accounted for the design effect of the cluster randomization. No significant interactions of intervention by poverty status were found for any outcome variables.
↵* *P < .01.
↵† P < .05.
CEP, Community Engagement and Planning; CI, confidence interval; ES, standardized effect size; MHQOL, mental health quality of life; RS, Resources for Services.