Baseline Characteristics of Depressed Clients Whose Family Income Is Below the Federal Poverty Level (n = 750), by Vulnerable Subgroups
| Subgroup 1: Involved in Justice System (1) (n = 158) | Subgroup 2: Homeless Involved in Justice System (n = 298) | Subgroup 3: Other Poor (n = 294) | P Value (Pairwise Comparison) | Group Test | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 vs 2 | 1 vs 3 | 2 vs 3 | χ2 | df | P Value | ||||
| Age (years) | 43.0 ± 10.6 | 45.5 ± 11.7 | 46.7 ± 14.1 | .074 | .014 | .355 | 6.4 | 2 | .041 |
| Female sex | 65 (39.6) | 174 (56.8) | 206 (69.1) | <.001 | <.001 | .009 | 23.0 | 2 | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | .301 | <.001 | .048 | 17.6 | 6 | .007 | |||
| Hispanic | 44 (28.3) | 111 (38.0) | 147 (51.4) | ||||||
| African American | 88 (53.4) | 148 (47.9) | 125 (40.5) | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 17 (12.0) | 29 (10.4) | 15 (5.4) | ||||||
| Other | 9 (6.3) | 10 (3.7) | 8 (2.7) | ||||||
| Married or living with a partner | 25 (16.0) | 51 (16.7) | 74 (25.4) | .845 | .039 | .010 | 8.3 | 2 | .016 |
| Less than high school education | 65 (40.8) | 129 (42.2) | 157 (54.5) | .795 | .007 | .003 | 13.0 | 2 | .002 |
| Working for pay | 12 (7.4) | 60 (19.6) | 42 (14.6) | .001 | .035 | .164 | 10.9 | 2 | .004 |
| 12-Month depressive disorder | 106 (67.5) | 201 (68.0) | 163 (54.9) | .911 | .008 | .004 | 9.9 | 2 | .007 |
| PHQ-8 score | 15.2 ± 4.3 | 15.4 ± 4.0 | 14.6 ± 3.9 | .715 | .195 | .056 | 3.9 | 2 | .144 |
| Poor mental health–related quality of life | 77 (48.8) | 167 (54.6) | 156 (52.3) | .311 | .507 | .610 | 1.0 | 2 | .599 |
| Mental wellness | 68 (43.5) | 108 (35.7) | 124 (42.3) | .164 | .816 | .181 | 2.3 | 2 | .311 |
| Good physical health | 118 (74.5) | 218 (73.3) | 212 (71.9) | .854 | .682 | .742 | 0.2 | 2 | .898 |
| ≥3 Chronic health conditions | 82 (53.1) | 166 (56.0) | 149 (51.3) | .609 | .769 | .341 | 0.9 | 2 | .630 |
| No health insurance | 116 (73.5) | 186 (63.1) | 123 (42.1) | .091 | <.001 | <.001 | 24.7 | 2 | <.001 |
| Life difficulties total score of 15 | 5.9 ± 3.1 | 5.0 ± 2.2 | 2.0 ± 1.6 | .006 | <.001 | <.001 | 582.3 | 2 | <.001 |
| Hazardous drinker or alcohol use disorder | 49 (31.9) | 82 (27.7) | 51 (17.2) | .392 | .003 | .004 | 11.1 | 2 | .004 |
| Misused any drugs in past 6 months | 97 (61.5) | 111 (37.3) | 63 (21.2) | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | 42.1 | 2 | <.001 |
Data are mean ± SD or n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
PHQ-8, 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire.