Involved in the Justice System (n = 158) | Homeless, Not Involved in the Justice System (n = 298) | Other Poor (n = 294) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RS | CEP | CEP vs. RS, Test (95% CI) | ES | RS | CEP | CEP vs. RS, Test (95% CI) | ES | RS | CEP | CEP vs. RS, Test (95% CI) | ES | |
Nights spent in a behavioral health hospital (%) | OR | OR | OR | |||||||||
6-Month follow-up | 13.5 (4.2) | 7.5 (4.4) | 0.5 (0.1–2.3) | 0.20 | 11.6 (4.1) | 6.3 (2.8) | 0.5 (0.1–2.1) | 0.19 | 6.8 (2.7) | 4.9 (2.0) | 0.7 (0.2–2.2) | 0.08 |
12-Month follow-up | 4.0 (2.2) | 4.4 (2.2) | 1.1 (0.3–4.3) | 0.02 | 8.0 (2.0) | 5.1 (2.1) | 0.6 (0.2–1.8) | 0.12 | 1.8 (1.6) | 3.8 (1.8) | 2.4 (0.3–18.2) | 0.13 |
Any MHS outpatient visits (%) | ||||||||||||
6-Month follow-up | 52.1 (7.2) | 61.0 (7.2) | 1.6 (0.6–4.3) | 0.18 | 54.6 (5.1) | 52.8 (5.3) | 0.9 (0.5–1.8) | 0.04 | 61.4 (5.3) | 55.4 (4.2) | 0.7 (0.4–1.4) | 0.12 |
12-Month follow-up | 38.1 (7.5) | 42.4 (7.6) | 1.2 (0.5–2.9) | 0.09 | 45.6 (5.0) | 41.3 (4.6) | 0.8 (0.4–1.6) | 0.09 | 50.5 (5.3) | 48.1 (4.7) | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) | 0.05 |
# MHS outpatient visits (mean) | IRR | IRR | IRR | |||||||||
6-Month follow-up | 13.3 (4.4) | 10.4 (2.7) | 0.8 (0.3–1.9) | 0.10 | 11.3 (3.7) | 8.2 (1.8) | 0.7 (0.3–1.9) | 0.13 | 11.7 (3.4) | 6.9 (1.4) | 0.6 (0.3–1.3) | 0.24 |
12-Month follow-up | 3.6 (1.0) | 4.4 (1.1) | 1.2 (0.7–2.2) | 0.08 | 7.6 (1.8) | 4.6 (0.8) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) | 0.19 | 5.7 (1.7) | 5.5 (1.0) | 1.0 (0.5–1.9) | 0.02 |
MHS outpatient visits received advice for medication if visited (mean) | ||||||||||||
6-Month follow-up | 14.3 (5.9) | 5.7 (1.1) | 0.4 (0.2–0.9)* | 0.31 | 10.9 (4.4) | 4.9 (0.7) | 0.5 (0.2–1.1) | 0.26 | 12.4 (4.3) | 5.3 (1.1) | 0.4 (0.2–1.1) | 0.35 |
12-Month follow-up | 6.6 (1.9) | 6.1 (1.4) | 0.9 (0.5–2.0) | 0.05 | 6.1 (1.3) | 6.2 (1.3) | 1 (0.6–1.8) | 0.01 | 5.4 (1.8) | 6.1 (1.3) | 1.1 (0.5–2.7) | 0.07 |
MHS outpatient visits received counseling if visited (mean) | ||||||||||||
6-Month follow-up | 24.9 (7.2) | 9.0 (2.4) | 0.4 (0.2–0.7)† | 0.48 | 14.8 (4.5) | 12.7 (2.3) | 0.9 (0.3–2.4) | 0.07 | 15.8 (5.1) | 10.1 (2.5) | 0.6 (0.2–1.7) | 0.26 |
12-Month follow-up | 8.0 (2.4) | 9.0 (1.7) | 1.1 (0.5–2.8) | 0.08 | 9.4 (1.9) | 7.8 (1.4) | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | 0.13 | 8.9 (2.3) | 7.3 (1.6) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 0.15 |
Any outpatient substance abuse service or self-help group (%) | OR | OR | OR | |||||||||
6-Month follow-up | 39.1 (6.9) | 38.8 (5.8) | 1 (0.4–2.3) | 0.01 | 24.3 (5.0) | 30.9 (4.7) | 1.5 (0.7–3.3) | 0.15 | 23.9 (5.9) | 26.6 (6.1) | 1.2 (0.4–3.6) | 0.06 |
12-Month follow-up | 23.0 (4.7) | 22.8 (6.2) | 1 (0.4–2.6) | 0.01 | 17.7 (3.9) | 20.5 (4.2) | 1.2 (0.5–3.1) | 0.07 | 16.0 (4.5) | 19.8 (4.5) | 1.3 (0.4–4.3) | 0.10 |
Stayed in residential treatment for substance abuse problem (%) | ||||||||||||
6-Month follow-up | 18.4 (4.7) | 19.6 (5.4) | 1.1 (0.4–2.7) | 0.03 | 10.5 (4.2) | 15.7 (4.1) | 1.8 (0.6–5.5) | 0.16 | 9.8 (5.2) | 12.1 (5.3) | 1.3 (0.3–6.2) | 0.07 |
12-Month follow-up | 7.3 (3.9) | 6.8 (3.4) | 1.0 (0.2–4.4) | 0.02 | 10.2 (2.7) | 8.3 (3.1) | 0.8 (0.3–2.1) | 0.07 | 3.7 (2.3) | 3.3 (2.0) | 0.9 (0.1–5.9) | 0.02 |
Visited primary care (%) | ||||||||||||
6-Month follow-up | 58.3 (6.5) | 60.9 (9.4) | 1.1 (0.4–3.4) | 0.05 | 64.2 (4.3) | 72.0 (4.4) | 1.5 (0.8–2.9) | 0.17 | 73.3 (3.8) | 65.5 (4.3) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) | 0.17 |
12-Month follow-up | 53.7 (5.7) | 63.7 (7.4) | 1.6 (0.7–3.4) | 0.20 | 61.2 (5.4) | 70.8 (4.5) | 1.6 (0.8–3.1) | 0.20 | 62.8 (4.8) | 74.5 (4.3) | 1.8 (1.0–3.3) | 0.25 |
Visits in community (informal) sector for depression (mean) | ||||||||||||
6-Month follow-up | 2.8 (1.6) | 4.7 (1.7) | 1.7 (0.5–5.8) | 0.14 | 1.9 (0.8) | 4.5 (1.8) | 2.3 (0.8–7.1) | 0.11 | 1.8 (1.2) | 4.3 (1.8) | 2.5 (0.5–12.2) | 0.18 |
12-Month follow-up | 1.3 (0.8) | 4.8 (3.1) | 3.6 (0.8–15.7) | 0.18 | 2.4 (0.8) | 4.2 (1.8) | 1.8 (0.6–5) | 0.11 | 1.0 (0.4) | 3.2 (1.6) | 3.3 (1.0–11.0)* | 0.21 |
Outpatient contacts for depression, all sectors (mean) | ||||||||||||
6-Month follow-up | 28.3 (8.0) | 33.1 (8.3) | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | 0.07 | 25.2 (7.5) | 21.3 (5.5) | 0.8 (0.3–2.7) | 0.08 | 22.3 (6.2) | 19.1 (4.8) | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | 0.08 |
12-Month follow-up | 11.4 (3.5) | 21.8 (5.9) | 1.9 (1.0–3.8) | 0.27 | 24.5 (4.5) | 17.5 (3.9) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) | 0.13 | 20.5 (5.0) | 17.5 (3.7) | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | 0.09 |
Data are estimate (standard error) unless otherwise indicated.
Intervention–by–vulnerable subgroups interaction models used multiple imputed data weighted for eligible sample for enrollment and accounted for the design effect of the cluster randomization. A logistic regression model was used for a binary variable (presented as odds ratio [OR]) or a Poisson regression model for a count variables (presented as incidence rate ratios [IRR]); adjusted for baseline status of the dependent variable, age, education, race/ethnicity, 12-month depressive disorder, and community; and accounted for the design effect of the cluster randomization. No significant interactions of intervention by poverty status were found for any outcome variables.
↵* P < .05.
↵† P < .01.
CEP, Community Engagement and Planning; CI, confidence interval; ES, standardized effect size; MHS, mental health service; RS, Resources for Services.