| Clinical Measures | Before | After | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 129.0 ± 51.1 | 124.4 ± 51.3 | .85 |
| HbA1c (%) (diabetes only) | 7.8 ± 1.9 | 7.2 ± 1.3 | .001 |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | |||
| Systolic | 134.3 ± 21.3 | 130.0 ± 16.5 | .22 |
| Diastolic | 80.5 ± 11.0 | 80.3 ± 10.3 | .38 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 36.1 ± 8.8 | 36.2 ± 8.8 | .20 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 180.8 ± 38.0 | 178.2 ± 38.6 | 1.00 |
| Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dl) | 104.5 ± 34.3 | 100.4 ± 30.5 | .50 |
| High-density lipoprotein (mg/dl) | 51.6 ± 15.9 | 48.9 ± 12.9 | .79 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 132.7 ± 90.3 | 147.0 ± 101.1 | .17 |
| Self-efficacy level* | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 3.6 ± 0.7 | <.001 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Multivariate analysis of variance tests were used for the before/after analyses. Missing values were excluded on an analysis-by-analysis basis.
↵* Wilcoxon related samples signed rank test; scale, 0 (poor) to 5 (good).