| Characteristics | CareWell Primary Care (n = 287) | Usual Care (n = 249) | P Value for Difference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 83.1 (5.6) | 80.5 (6.0) | .42 |
| Female sex | 192 (66.9) | 160 (64.3) | .52 |
| Living alone | 182 (63.4) | 136 (54.6) | .039 |
| Socioeconomic status score,* mean (SD) | 0.5 (1.1) | 0.2 (0.5) | <.001 |
| Low level of education | 69 (24.1) | 100 (41.0) | <.001 |
| Cognition score,† mean (SD) | 7.5 (7.0) | 5.3 (4.8) | <.001 |
| Katz-15 index,‡ mean (SD) | 5.4 (2.9) | 4.6 (2.7) | .33 |
| EQ-5D+C,§ mean (SD) | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.6 (0.3) | .08 |
| RAND-36 mental health¶ | 61.1 (13.1) | 62.4 (13.7) | .38 |
| Presence of health-related limitations in social functioning‖ | 178 (64.3) | 88 (37.1) | <.001 |
| Frailty index,** mean (SD) | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.4 (0.2) | .90 |
| Presence of care complexity | 60 (21.1) | 75 (30.1) | .017 |
Data are expressed as numbers (percentage) unless otherwise indicated.
↵* Socioeconomic status score was based on postal code areas (income, employment, and education); a higher score indicates more social disadvantage.
↵† Based on a modified Mini-Mental State Examination (range, 0–28); a higher score indicates more cognitive problems.
↵‡ Katz-15 scores range from 0 to 15; a higher score indicates more dependence in (instrumental) activities of daily living.
↵§ EQ-5D+C scores range from −0.33 to 1.00; a higher score indicates a higher health-related quality of life.
↵¶ The 36-item RAND Mental Health questionnaire (RAND-36) scores range from 0 to 100; a higher score indicates better mental health.
↵‖ Based on the social functioning subscale of the RAND-36. Answers were dichotomized as the “absence of limitations” vs. the other categories indicating the “presence of limitations.”
↵** The frailty index measures accumulated deficits (scale 0 to 1); a higher index suggests a more frail status.
EQ-5+C, EuroQuol instrument; SD, standard deviation.