Table 5. Common Drug–Drug Interactions With Novel Oral Anticoagulants

	Novel Oral Anticoagulants
	Dabigatran	Rivaroxaban	Apixaban	Edoxaban
Ketoconazoles	Avoid	Avoid	Avoid	Avoid
Clarithromycin	No adjustment	Precaution^*	Avoid	Avoid
Erythromycin	Precaution^*	Precaution^*	^Precaution^	Avoid
Fluconazole	Avoid	Precaution^*	Avoid	Avoid
Rifampin	Avoid	Avoid	Avoid	Safe
NSAIDs/ASA	Caution	Caution	Caution	Caution
Clopidogrel/antiplatelet agents	Caution	Caution	Caution	Caution
Diltiazem	NK	Caution	Caution	NK
Verapamil	Avoid^{^†}	Caution	Caution	Avoid
Heparin/anticoagulants/ticagrelor	Avoid	Avoid	Avoid	Avoid

↵* Especially in renal impairment.
↵† Administer novel oral anticoagulant 2 hours before if choosing to use both agents; caution implies increased bleeding risk
ASA, aspirin; NK, not known; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.